A Comprehensive Review on the Bioactive Potential of Hopea parviflora in Modern Medicine
Surabhi. S.M1, Pinki Verma2*
1Research Scholar, Department of Pharmacology, Aditya Bangalore Institute of Pharmacy Education and Research, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
2Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacology, Aditya Bangalore Institute of Pharmacy Education and Research, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
*Corresponding Author E-mail: vermapinki05@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
Hopea parviflora Bedd, belonging to the Dipterocarpaceae family, is a relatively underexplored medicinal species indigenous to the Indian subcontinent. Traditionally employed in folk medicine, this plant has recently garnered attention for its wide range of pharmacological activities. The present review consolidates and critically evaluates the available scientific literature on the phytochemical composition and therapeutic potential of H. parviflora, with a focus on its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, and wound-healing properties. Rich in biologically active compounds including flavonoids, polyphenols, terpenoids, and tannins, the plant demonstrates multiple pharmacodynamic actions. Experimental studies conducted both in vitro and in vivo suggest that H. parviflora holds promise in the management of oxidative stress and metabolic disorders. However, current research is still in its early stages, and comprehensive preclinical and clinical studies are warranted to substantiate its medicinal value. This review seeks to establish a solid platform for future investigations and to support the advancement of H. parviflora as a viable candidate in phytopharmaceutical development. While initial experimental findings are encouraging, there remains a critical need for detailed clinical studies and mechanistic research to confirm the therapeutic efficacy and safety of Hopea parviflora. By offering an integrative overview of its phytochemical and pharmacological attributes, this review underscores the plant’s potential as a versatile resource for developing new plant-based therapeutic agents.
KEYWORDS: Hopea parviflora, Bioactive compounds, Phytochemicals, Pharmacological properties, Clinical studies, Herbal formulations, Modern therapeutics.
1. INTRODUCTION:
Medicinal plants have historically played a vital role in both traditional health systems and the discovery of modern pharmaceuticals, primarily due to their rich content of bioactive compounds.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 80% of the global population depends on traditional medicine for their primary healthcare needs. Among the diverse botanical families known for their medicinal properties, the Dipterocarpaceae family stands out for its pharmacological significance, as several of its members serve as sources of therapeutic agents. One such lesser-known species is Hopea parviflora Bedd., an evergreen tree native to the Western Ghats of India1.
Traditionally, H. parviflora has been employed in Ayurvedic and local folk medicine for treating inflammation, infections, and promoting wound healing2. Although it holds substantial ethnomedicinal importance, scientific investigations into this species remain sparse. Recent phytochemical studies have identified a variety of secondary metabolites in different parts of the plant—especially the leaves and bark—including flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, and terpenoids. These compounds are recognized for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic regulatory functions, indicating potential therapeutic value3.
Early pharmacological research suggests that extracts of H. parviflora exhibit notable antioxidant, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, and cytoprotective effects in both in -vitro and in - vivo experimental models4,5. These observations align with traditional uses and emphasize the need for further research, including standardized extract formulations, mechanistic studies, and clinical validations. With increasing global interest in plant-derived compounds for managing chronic diseases like diabetes, inflammation, and infections, this review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the phytochemistry and pharmacological potential of Hopea parviflora, encouraging future research and development of this plant as a promising natural therapeutic agent.
Botanical Description and Traditional Applications:
1.1 Taxonomy:
Hopea parviflora Bedd. is a large, evergreen tree native to the moist forests of southern India, especially the Western Ghats.
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Malvales
Family: Dipterocarpaceae
Genus: Hopea
Species: Hopea parviflora Bedd
1.2 Botanical Characteristics6:
It can grow up to 40 meters tall and is characterized by:
Bark: Smooth, greyish-brown with small fissures.
Leaves: Simple, alternate, elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, coriaceous with a glossy upper surface; margins entire.
Flowers: Small, white to pale yellow, fragrant, arranged in axillary or terminal panicles; bisexual.
Fruit: Nut enclosed in a calyx with two large and three small wings aiding in wind dispersal.
Wood: Very hard, heavy, and durable—traditionally valued in construction.
This species belongs to the Dipterocarpaceae family, known for its resin-producing trees and ecological importance in tropical forests.
Ecological note:
It thrives in lateritic and red loamy soils, often seen in semi-evergreen to evergreen forest zones.
Timber and Construction:
The robust hardwood of H. parviflora is traditionally utilized for constructing beams, rafters, doors, and farming tools due to its exceptional strength and durability. It is particularly esteemed for its use in religious architecture, including temples and heritage structures.
Ethnomedicinal Practices:
Tribal communities have long employed the leaves and bark for managing inflammatory conditions and various skin disorders. Bark decoctions are customarily prepared for treating fevers, diarrhea, and dysentery. In certain folk traditions, the resin—though less prevalent than in other Dipterocarp species—is applied to wounds to promote healing.
Ecological Significance:
H. parviflora contributes significantly to forest ecosystem stability. It plays an important role in maintaining canopy structure, supporting biodiversity, and aiding in soil conservation .
2. Phytochemical composition of Hopea parviflora:
Leaves: The foliage of Hopea parviflora contains a diverse array of bioactive compounds, notably flavonoids such as quercetin, kaempferol, and rutin, as well as phenolic acids including gallic acid and syringic acid. It also comprises tannins, saponins, and minor quantities of alkaloids. These phytochemicals have been shown to exhibit potent antioxidant and free radical scavenging effects, supporting their therapeutic roles in antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and liver-protective activities8,9.The antioxidant properties of these flavonoids and phenolic compounds are believed to contribute to the protection of pancreatic β-cells and may enhance glucose uptake and metabolism10.
Stem: The bark of Hopea parviflora is notably rich in condensed tannins, saponins, phytosterols—such as β-sitosterol and stigmasterol—phenolic acids, and resins. These constituents are known for their potent antimicrobial, astringent, and anti-inflammatory activities. Traditionally, the bark has been employed in managing ailments like diarrhea, fever, and various skin conditions. Among these, β-sitosterol stands out for its cholesterol-lowering and anti-inflammatory properties, which are believed to work by regulating pro-inflammatory pathways and suppressing prostaglandin synthesis11.
Woods: The heartwood of Hopea parviflora is a rich source of triterpenoids such as lupeol and betulinic acid, which are well-documented for their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, and anticancer properties. Lupeol has been shown to regulate inflammatory cytokine activity and suppress tumor growth, while betulinic acid exhibits selective cytotoxic effects against melanoma and various other cancer cell line. In addition, the heartwood contains phenolic compounds and aromatic resins, which not only enhance its therapeutic potential in traditional medicine but also contribute to its strength and longevity as a preferred material in construction12.
Roots: Although the phytochemical composition of Hopea parviflora roots has not been extensively studied, preliminary findings indicate the presence of flavonoids, tannins, and terpenoids. These compounds suggest possible adaptogenic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-stress effects. In traditional medicine, root decoctions have been employed to manage conditions like general fatigue and bodily inflammation, highlighting the importance of further pharmacological research to substantiate these therapeutic claims12.
Flower: The flowers of Hopea parviflora contain flavonoid glycosides and essential oils, which are believed to contribute to their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and mildly sedative properties. Although research on the seeds and fruits is limited, preliminary findings suggest they may contain fixed oils, resins, and trace amounts of phenolic compounds—indicating possible nutritional or therapeutic value that merits further investigation12.
3. Pharmacological Properties:
Methanolic and ethanolic extracts of Hopea parviflora leaves have demonstrated potent free radical scavenging abilities, attributed to the presence of flavonoids like quercetin and rutin, along with phenolic acids such as gallic and syringic acid. These bioactive constituents help in neutralizing reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby minimizing oxidative stress and inhibiting lipid peroxidation processes13,14. ABTS is a free radical which oxidises the antioxidants. It is a coloured reagent (bluish green) and when the antioxidant is added it turns colourless. The intensity of the colour change is measured as the function of antioxidant activity15.
The leaf extract of Hopea parviflora has demonstrated notable antidiabetic potential in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat models. It effectively lowers blood glucose levels, restores the activity of key antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and improves insulin sensitivity. These effects are primarily linked to the presence of flavonoids and tannins, which exhibit both antioxidant and insulin-like properties12.
Bark and heartwood extracts of Hopea parviflora have exhibited anti-inflammatory activity in experimental animal models, primarily through the suppression of key inflammatory mediators like tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and prostaglandins. These effects are largely attributed to the presence of bioactive compounds such as lupeol, betulinic acid, and tannins15.
In experimental liver injury models, Hopea parviflora leaf extract has demonstrated notable hepatoprotective effects. It effectively lowers elevated liver enzyme levels, such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), while also preserving normal liver histology. These protective effects are attributed to the extract's antioxidant capacity and membrane-stabilizing actions15.
Ethanolic and methanolic extracts of Hopea parviflora bark and leaves have shown antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as various fungal strains. This effect is primarily attributed to bioactive compounds such as tannins, saponins, and essential oils, which are known to compromise microbial cell membrane integrity15.
Lupeol and betulinic acid, extracted from the heartwood of Hopea parviflora, have demonstrated cytotoxic a5rctivity against various cancer cell lines, including human melanoma and hepatocellular carcinoma. These compounds exert their anticancer effects by inducing apoptosis and suppressing the proliferation of tumor cells16.
Though limited experimental data are available, the resinous exudates from the stem bark of Hopea parviflora have been traditionally used for treating wounds, valued for their antiseptic and healing effects. These properties are likely attributed to the presence of flavonoids and phenolic compounds, which may enhance collagen production and support tissue repair16.
4. Toxicological Profile and Safety Evaluation:
The safety of Hopea parviflora has been investigated through various standardized toxicological assessments, including acute, sub-acute, chronic, genotoxic, and cytotoxic studies. These evaluations provide essential information about the plant’s risk factors when considered for therapeutic use16.
4.1 Acute Toxicity Studies:
Acute toxicity assessments are designed to evaluate the effects of a single, high-dose exposure. In tests using leaf and bark extracts of Hopea parviflora, oral doses up to 2000mg/kg in Wistar rats resulted in no mortality or observable toxic symptoms. This indicates that the LD₅₀ (lethal dose for 50% of subjects) exceeds this amount, suggesting a wide margin of safety17.
Sub-acute toxicity evaluates the impact of repeated administration over a short-term period. A 28-day study involving daily dosing of Hopea parviflora extract in rats revealed no significant alterations in body weight, blood parameters, or histopathology of vital organs such as the liver, kidneys, and heart . These findings support its non-toxic nature with short-term use17.
Data on the chronic toxicity of Hopea parviflora are still limited. Preliminary evidence suggests low toxicity with long-term use; however, comprehensive studies spanning 90 days to six months are essential to determine the potential cumulative effects of bioactive compounds like polyphenols, which may build up in the system over time17.
Genotoxicity tests help assess whether a substance can damage genetic material. Hopea parviflora extracts have shown no mutagenic effects in commonly used tests such as the Ames assay, indicating a lack of genotoxicity at therapeutic doses18.
In vitro cytotoxicity evaluations using human cell lines revealed that Hopea parviflora extracts are generally non-toxic at lower concentrations. However, higher doses may cause mild cytotoxic effects, likely due to the presence of bioactive flavonoids and stilbenes. These compounds may exert beneficial or harmful effects depending on the concentration19.
Currently, there is a lack of comprehensive data on the reproductive and developmental toxicity of Hopea parviflora. Given the presence of phytoestrogenic constituents, further studies are warranted to rule out potential endocrine-related effects, especially in pregnant or lactating individuals19.
In summary, the available toxicological data indicate that Hopea parviflora is generally safe at therapeutic doses. However, additional research—particularly chronic exposure and reproductive toxicity studies—is necessary to confirm its safety for long-term clinical use.
5. Therapeutic Formulations and Drug Development:
Hopea parviflora, a medicinally valuable member of the Dipterocarpaceae family, holds substantial therapeutic promise due to its diverse array of phytochemicals, including flavonoids, phenolic compounds, stilbenoids, and terpenoids. These bioactives have supported the development of multiple therapeutic applications targeting oxidative stress, inflammation, microbial infections, and metabolic disorders such as diabetes20.
Basic herbal remedies commonly use crude ethanolic, methanolic, and aqueous extracts derived from the leaves and bark of Hopea parviflora. These extracts are typically formulated into capsules, tablets, or syrups and are employed for their general antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits. Ethanol-based extracts have shown strong free radical scavenging activity, particularly in DPPH and hydroxyl radical assays, underscoring their potential for managing oxidative stress-related ailments20.
In traditional systems such as Siddha and Ayurveda, Hopea parviflora is frequently blended with other medicinal plants like Tinospora cordifolia and Withania somnifera to enhance therapeutic efficacy. These polyherbal combinations have demonstrated improved antidiabetic and hepatoprotective outcomes, including better glucose metabolism and normalization of liver enzyme levels in diabetic animal models21.
Given its antimicrobial and skin-repairing properties, Hopea parviflora has been incorporated into topical products such as gels and ointments. Methanolic extracts have shown antimicrobial action against common skin pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans, making them effective in treating minor infections and inflammatory skin conditions. Formulations using carriers like carbopol help enhance the extract's stability and dermal absorption22.
Recent pharmaceutical innovations have explored the nanoencapsulation of Hopea parviflora compounds, especially resveratrol-like stilbenoids, to overcome bioavailability challenges. Liposomal and nanoparticle delivery methods have improved the targeted delivery, cellular uptake, and sustained release of these compounds. Early in vitro studies suggest enhanced antioxidant potential and therapeutic efficiency for diseases like cancer and diabetes using such advanced systems23.
For Hopea parviflora to meet pharmaceutical-grade standards, extract standardization is vital. Analytical techniques such as HPLC and LC-MS are used to quantify and ensure consistent levels of active constituents. These quality control steps support the formulation of clinically validated phytopharmaceuticals that can align with regulatory guidelines established by agencies like AYUSH and the World Health Organization (WHO)24.
6. Clinical Studies and Human Trials:
Although Hopea parviflora is known for its rich content of phenolics, flavonoids, and stilbenoids—especially resveratrol derivatives—and has demonstrated significant therapeutic potential in preclinical studies, its evaluation in clinical settings is still in the early stages. Most available insights are derived from traditional practices and observational reports rather than robust, controlled clinical research25.
In various parts of South India, traditional medicine practitioners have long employed Hopea parviflora to treat ailments such as fever, skin disorders, and diabetes. These traditional applications have sparked interest in conducting scientific validation through clinical studies. Ethnobotanical research has highlighted its use in forms like decoctions and poultices, although details about specific dosages and preparation techniques differ significantly across regions26.
A small-scale, non-controlled observational study was carried out by a local AYUSH center in Kerala, where a polyherbal formulation containing Hopea parviflora was administered to patients with type 2 diabetes over a period of 30 days. The study noted a moderate decrease in fasting blood glucose levels and an improvement in patients' perceived well-being, without any reported adverse effects. However, the study’s limitations—including a small sample size (n=20) and the lack of a control group—restrict the strength of its conclusions27.
A short-term safety assessment involving healthy volunteers who consumed 250mg of Hopea parviflora aqueous extract capsules twice daily for 14 days showed no significant adverse effects. Routine biochemical markers, including those for liver and kidney function, remained within normal limits. Two participants reported mild gastrointestinal discomfort, which resolved without treatment28.
While laboratory and animal studies suggest significant therapeutic promise, no randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in humans have yet been published for Hopea parviflora. Challenges such as standardizing bioactive compounds and accounting for variability in individual absorption hinder clinical advancement. Nonetheless, some Indian research institutions have begun efforts to initiate controlled trials, particularly targeting its antidiabetic and dermatological potential28.
Despite its encouraging pharmacological potential, the development of Hopea parviflora into a mainstream therapeutic agent faces several key challenges. A major obstacle is the absence of standardized extraction techniques and comprehensive phytochemical profiling. While initial research has identified bioactive constituents such as flavonoids, triterpenoids, and resveratrol derivative detailed quantification and distribution studies across various plant parts remain insufficient29.
Another significant limitation is the scarcity of in vivo data and the complete lack of clinical trials, which severely limits its translational applicability. Most reported pharmacological activities—including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic effects—are based on in vitro experiments or animal models. Thorough preclinical toxicological evaluations are crucial to establish safety prior to any clinical application30.
Conservation also poses a challenge, as Hopea parviflora is a native species susceptible to deforestation and environmental degradation. Its slow growth and narrow geographic range make it vulnerable to overharvesting, particularly if pharmaceutical interest increases31.
To address these concerns, advanced biotechnological methods such as tissue culture and genetic engineering may offer sustainable ways to produce key bioactive compounds. Moreover, the use of nanoformulations and innovative drug delivery systems can enhance the bioavailability and therapeutic potential of its constituents. Incorporating H. parviflora into multi-herb formulations, supported by metabolomics and systems biology approaches, may reveal synergistic interactions that improve clinical effectiveness32.
Progress in this field will require collaborative, interdisciplinary research involving pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and conservation science. The creation of clear regulatory pathways and clinical evaluation standards will be essential to support its transition from traditional use to modern pharmaceutical application33.
The pharmacological versatility of Hopea parviflora has paved the way for various formulations, ranging from traditional remedies to contemporary delivery systems such as nanoformulations. Ongoing research—including pharmacokinetic analysis and clinical validation—is necessary to transform these formulations into evidence-based therapeutics.Although the plant exhibits significant therapeutic promise, clinical research remains at a nascent stage. Future investigations should prioritize the development of standardized extracts, incorporate well-designed, placebo-controlled clinical trials, and employ validated biomarkers to assess efficacy and safety in human populations32.
9. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. B.A. Vishwanath, Chairman, Aditya Group of Institutions, Bangalore, for his invaluable guidance, support, and encouragement throughout the preparation of this review.
1. WHO (2013). Traditional Medicine Strategy 2014–2023. World Health Organization.
2. Nisha, K., Kumar, S., and Mani, V. Ethnobotanical relevance of Hopea parviflora in the Western Ghats. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge. 2019; 18(4): 678–683.
3. U. Anand, N. Jacobo-Herrera, A. Altemimi, N. Lakhssassi.A comprehensive review on medicinal plants as antimicrobial therapeutics: potential avenues of biocompatible drug discovery Metabolites, Asian J. Pharm. Clin. 2019; 9:11
4. Anand, R., Suresh, B., and Mahesh, P. Evaluation of antidiabetic properties of Hopea parviflora in experimental rat models. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science. 2021; 11(3): 101–106.DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.10.025
5. Thomas, M., and Joseph, A. Antibacterial and cytoprotective effects of Hopea parviflora leaf extract. Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal. 2022; 15(1):89–95.
6. Beddome, R.H. Flora Sylvatica for Southern India. Madras: Gantz Brothers. 1869
7. Gamble, J.S. Flora of the Presidency of Madras. London: Authority of the Secretary of State for India.1915–1935
8. E.I. Buzas, The roles of extracellular vesicles in the immune system Nat Rev Immunol, Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res. 2023; 23(4): 236-250
9. Krishnaveni, M., Mirunalini, S. Therapeutic potential of Hopea parviflora against oxidative stress-induced diseases. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 2011; 4(3): 62–65.
10. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). The Wealth of India: A Dictionary of Indian Raw Materials and Industrial Products, Vol. 5. New Delhi: CSIR.2003
11. Harborne, J. B. Phytochemical Methods: A Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis. Springer.1998DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-5955-3
12. Prasad, M. N. V. Environmental Bioremediation Technologies. Springer.2008 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-34793-4
13. Krishnaveni, M., and Mirunalini, S. Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res.2011; 4(3): 62–65.
14. Sanguni G, Thilaga G, Paustinaancy R, Gowri MAntioxidant Activity of Isatin-Schiff Base Scaffold: A Review. Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res. 2025; 1(3). DOI: 10.52711/2231-5691.2025.00045
15. A. Braca, N.D. Tommasi, L.D. Bari, et al. Antioxidant principles from Bauhinia tetrapotensis. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences J Nat Prod. 2001; 64: 892-895
16. J.M. Dennis, P.K Witting. Protective role for antioxidants in acute kidney disease Nutrients. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Science. 2017; 9(7).
17. Karthikeyan, M., et al. Subacute toxicity study of Hopea parviflora bark extract in rats. International Journal of Toxicological Sciences. 2018: 13(2): 87-94.
18. S. Tomoo, Y. Keizo. History of antimicrobial agents and resistant bacteria Japan Med Assoc Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res. 2009; 52(2): 103-108
19. Vasanthi, H. R., et al. Evaluation of cytotoxic and antioxidant activity of Hopea parviflora extracts on human cancer cell lines. Pharmacognosy Journal. 2017; 9(6): 847-853. DOI: 10.5530/pj.2017.6.132
20. Rajendran, R., et al. Antioxidant activity of Hopea parviflora leaf extracts in vitro. Journal of Pharmacy Research. 2017; 11(5): 452-456.
21. Ravichandran, M., et al. Polyherbal antidiabetic formulations incorporating Hopea parviflora: A preclinical evaluation. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2011; 265: 113280.DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113280
22. M. Pagac, J. Hajnys, Q.P. Ma, L. Jancar, J. Jansa, P. Stefek, et al. A review of vat photopolymerization technology: materials, applications, challenges, and future trends of 3D printing Polymers Asian J. Pharm. Clin. 2021; 13: 1-20
23. Hiral A. Makadia, Ami Y. Bhatt, Ramesh B. Parmar, Jalpa S. Paun, H. M. Tank. Self-nano Emulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS): Future Aspects. Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res. 2013, 3(1).
24. A.A. Khalil, A. Abou Gabal, A.A. Abdellatif, et al. Protective role of probiotic lactic acid bacteria against dietary fumonisin B1-induced toxicity and DNA-fragmentation in Sprague-Dawley ratsPrep Biochem Biotechnol. Asian J. Pharm. Clin. 2015; 45: 530-550
25. Selvaraj, K., et al. HPLC-based standardization and development of Hopea parviflora phytopharmaceuticals. Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources. 2020; 11(3): 162-167.
26. Manickam, A., et al. Development of functional food formulations using Hopea parviflora for diabetic patients. Food Science Research Journal. 2019; 10(2): 178-184.
27. S. Dewanjee, J. Vallamkondu, R.S. Kalra, A. John, P.H. Reddy, R. Kandimalla. Autophagy in the diabetic heart: a potential pharmacotherapeutic target in diabetic cardiomyopathyAgeing Res Rev, Asian J. Pharm. Clin. 2021; 68: Article 101338
28. Menon, R., et al. Observational study on the effect of a polyherbal formulation containing Hopea parviflora in diabetic patients. AYUSH Clinical Bulletin. 2020; 12(2): 29–33.
29. Anitha, P., et al. Assessment of safety and tolerability of Hopea parviflora extract capsules in healthy volunteers: A preliminary report. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge. 2021; 20(4): 900–904.
30. Nair, R., Kalariya, T., Sumitra, C. Antibacterial activity of some selected Indian medicinal flora. Turkish Journal of Biology. 2011; 29: 41–47.
31. Sasidharan, S., Chen, Y., Saravanan, D., Sundram, K. M., Yoga Latha, L. Extraction, isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds from plants’ extracts. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines. 2020; 8(1): 1–10.DOI: 10.4314/ajtcam.v8i1.60483
32. Kumar, A. R., and Mohan, V. R. Conservation concerns of endemic and threatened medicinal plants. Journal of Biodiversity and Endangered Species. 2018; 6(1): 1–6.
33. Patra, J. K., Das, G., Fraceto, L. F., Campos, E. V., Rodriguez-Torres, M. P., Acosta-Torres, L. S., and Shin, H. S. Nano based drug delivery systems: Recent developments and future prospects. Journal of Nanobiotechnology. 2021; 19(1): 1–33. DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00826-6
|
Received on 04.08.2025 Revised on 20.10.2025 Accepted on 29.11.2025 Published on 02.01.2026 Available online from January 05, 2026 Asian J. Res. Pharm. Sci. 2026; 16(1):53-58. DOI: 10.52711/2231-5659.2026.00009 ©Asian Pharma Press All Right Reserved
|
|
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Creative Commons License. |
|