A Review on Medicinal Potentials of Murraya koenigii (Curry Leaves)
Laxmi S. Swami*, Nisha S. Patil, Birappa A. Dudhal, Manohar D. Kengar,
Rajesh S. Jagtap, Amol A. Patil
Nootan College of Pharmacy Kavathe - Mahankal,
Tal - Kavathe – Mahankal, Dist. Sangli, Maharashtra, India - 416405.
*Corresponding Author E-mail: laxmiswami485@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
Murraya koenigii is a potential medicinal plant highly valued for its characteristic aroma and bioactive compounds. Murraya koenigii (M. koenigii) belongs to the Rutaceae family, which is commonly used as a medicinally important herb of Indian origin in the Ayurvedic system of medicine. The magical plant of Indian spice, curry leaf grows throughout the Indian subcontinent. It is used in the treatment or prevention of many diseases including kidney stone, dysentery disorders, renal pain, stomach upsets and morning sickness. It is one of the main components of formulation in the traditional ayurvedic system of medicine since many centuries. A scrutiny of literature reveals some notable pharmacological activities of plant. These include pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, antidiabetic, antitumor and neuroprotective. The leaves, roots and barks of this plant are rich in source of carbazole alkaloids. The carbazole alkaloids includes koenigin, bicyclomahanimbicine, cyclomahanimbine, murrayastine, coumarine, koenidine has medicinal activities.
KEYWORDS: Murraya koenigii, Taxonomical classification, Phytochemistry, Medicinal uses, Pharmacological activities.
INTRODUCTION:
An attractive aromatic deciduous shrub Curry leaf (Murraya koenigii spreng,. belongs to family Rutaceae) is generally used in Indian foods. The name “curry patta” is derived from Tamil word kari which means “spiced sauce”1. M. koenigii is described as flavouring agent for vegetables in early Tamil and Kannada writings from India2-4. It’s height is 6m and 15-40cm in diameter. It occurs in foothills of Himalaya, Assam, Sikkim, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra in India.
The M. koenigii has grey-coloured bark and longitudinal striations. Leaves are 15-30cm long, each bearing 11-25 leaflets alternate on rachis, 2.5 – 3.5cm long ovate lanceolate, bipinnately compound. Margins irregularly creatate, Petioles 2–3mm long, flowers are bisexual, white, funnel-shaped, sweetly scented, stalked, complete, ebracteate, regular, with average diameter of a fully opened flower being an average of 1.12cm inflorescence, and terminal cymes each bearing 60-90 flowers. It measures 2.5cm long and 0.3cm in diameter. It gets purplish black when ripe5-6.
Detail Taxonomical classification of plant is given below7 Kingdom - Plantae
Sub - kingdom- Tracheobionta Superdivision- Spermatophyta Division - Magnoliophyta
Class - Magnoliospida Subclass- Rosidae Order- Sapindales Family - Rutaceae
Genus - Murraya J.Koenig ex L.
Species - Murraya Koenigii L. Spreng.
The plant is known by various names as given below
English - Curry leaves; Kannada- Karibevu;
Hindi - Karipatta, Mitha Nim; Tamil- Kariveppilai;
Malayalam - Kariveppu;
Marathi - Kadhilimb;
Sanskrit - Girinimba;
Telugu - Karepeku;
Spanish - Hojas de curry;
Italian - Fogli di Cari;
French - Feuilles de Cari;
German - Curryblatter;
Gujarathi - Mitho limado
The leaves, stem, bark, and root of this plant have shown the presence of large concentrations of alkaloids, terpenes, saponins, and phenolic compounds with high radical scavenging8-10.
The bark of the stem contains the carbazole alkaloids such as Murrayacine, murrayazolidine, murrayazoline, mahanimbine, girinimbine, koenioline and xynthyletin. The roots contain three monomeric and five binary carbazole alkaloids11. Leaves contains proteins, carbohydrates, fiber, minerals, carotene, nicotinic acid and Vitamin C. It is also good source of vitamin A and calcium. The leaves contain high amount of oxalic acid and contains crystalline glycosides, carbazole alkaloids, koenigin, resin, fresh leaves contain yellow color 2.5% volatile oil. It also contain girinimbin, iso-mahanimbin, koenine, koenigine, koenidine and koenimbine. Mahanimbicine and bicyclomahanimbicine, phebalosin, coumarine as Murrayone imperatoxin etc. isolated from leaves. Triterpenoid alkaloids cyclomahanimbine, tetrahydromahanmbine also presents in the leaves. Murrayastine, murrayaline, pypayafolinecarbazole alkaloids and many other chemical compounds have been reported in the leaves. Bark mainly contain the carbazole alkaloids as Murrayacine, murrayazolidine, murrayazoline, mahanimbine, girinimbine, koenioline, xynthyletin. The Pulp of fruits contain 64.9% moisture, 9.76% total sugar, 9.58% reducing sugar, 0.17% non reducing sugar and negligible amount of tannin and acids. It also contains 13.35% of vit. C. The pulp of Fruits also contain trace amount of minerals 1.97% phosphorus, 0.082% potassium, 0.811% calcium, 0.166% magnesium, 0.007% iron.
MEDICINAL USE:
The leaves are bitter, acrid, cooling, anthelmintic, analgesic; they cures piles; it reduces fever, thirst, inflammation, and itching. It also helps with leucoderma, influenza, rheumatism, and blood disorders. Fresh curry leaves are boiled with a coconut oil until they are reduced to a black residue to produce good hair tonic to keep a normal hair tone and enhance hair growth12. Also, it retains black colour of the hair. Curry leaves were also used as calcium source and contains Vitamin A, Vitamin B and B2, Vitamin C and iron. It prevents progression of cataract through the juice of curry leaves13-15.
M. koenigii treats morning sickness with lime juice16 curry leaves can be used in treat excessive pitta taken with mint leaves and coriander leaves17. Curry leaves can be used to treat night blindness, improve memory, lose weight. Bark and roots are used as stimulants, and the bites of poisonous animals. The fruits have lot of nutritional value and have medicinal properties. Dry curry leaf powder mixed with honey and betel nut juice used as an anti-periodic. The branches of Murraya koenigii are well known for cleaning the teeth as datun. It makes gums and teeth’s strong.
Antimicrobial activity:
The hexane, methanol, and chloroform extracts of the Murraya koenigii root test were carried out in the cases of Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, and the fungal strains of Aspergillus niger, Trychophyton rubrum, and Candida albicans. The hexane, methanol, and chloroform extracts of the root of Murraya koenigii were effective on all the tested strains, and the methanol extract showed more important antimicrobial activity compared to the others, with a high inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus and Trichophyton rubrum. Staphylococcus aureus was susceptible to all three of the above extracts; additionally, the aqueous extract of the root was found to be ineffective against the tested microorganisms.18-20
The oil was found effective against the bacteria even at a dilution of 1:500. The acetone extract of the fresh leaves of curry fractionated gives bioactive compounds, namely murrayanol, mahanine, and mahanimbine21-12.
The essential oil of the curry leaves was reported to possess antifungal activity. The antifungal activity of the leaves is due to the presence of phytochemical constituents, viz., alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, and saponins, which are well known for their antimicrobial properties. Bioactive compounds of M. koenigii mainly have the ability to inhibit mycelial growth and thereby promote antifungal activity. The antifungal activity of M. koenigii against a wide range of pathogenic fungi, such as Penicillium notatum, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium moniliforme, Mucor mucedo, Penicillium funiculosum, etc., were isolated from infected young trees and wasted foods based on alterations of their growth characteristics, mycelial morphology, and spore morphology. The ethanolic extract of curry leaves showed notable effects on the hyphal morphology, namely, an increase in branching potential, which resulted in the development of short, slender branches of hyphae with swollen tips. Such effects are common for any antifungal compound.
The ethanol extract of curry leaves shows both antiprotozoal and antihypertensive activity. The study trial showed that there are a variety of extracts of this plant, such as extract A (which contains the entire plant except roots) and extract B (which contains only roots). And after estimation of the extract, it was found that extract A holds anti- protozoal activity against Entamoeba histolytica in the ileum of guinea pig, while extract B possesses both activity, such as antihypertensive and antiprotozoal activity, in a cat or dog23.
The leaves of M. koenigii have been identified and reported to have inhibitory effects on the aldose reductase enzyme, glucose utilization, and other enzyme systems for extending anti-diabetic effects due to the presence of alkaloids. M. koenigii was studied for its α-glucosidase inhibitory property and was found to inhibit α-glucosidase. And these are widely used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. A study reported that an ethanolic extract of M. koenigii showed a significant reduction in blood glucose levels, and this effect is mediated by antioxidant properties and insulin mimetic effects. Overall, it is evident that M. koenigii possesses antidiabetic activity and has antioxidant activity in rats. Mahanimbine showed appreciable alpha-amylase inhibitory properties as compared with acarbose.
Hypocholesterolemic activity was studied in aged mice, which was done by using the crude ethanol extract of curry leaves of M. Koenigii. The experiment observed a decrease in cholesterol level in a dose-dependent manner in aged mice. The dose of 300 mg/kg was found to be less effective than the 500 mg/kg and was comparable with the standard cholesterol-reducing agent, simvastatin. Carbazole alkaloids, a major phytochemical constituent of plants, are found to have lipid-lowering properties24.
Ether and aqueous extracts were effective in gastric ulceration and preferred as protective as ranitidine. According to the researchers reports study shown that the aqueous and ether extracts of leaves of this plant effective against gastric ulcer in rats models and preferred as protective as ranitidine. The rat is pre-treated with the aqueous extract of ethanol the result shown the significant reduction of ulcer activity in rat.
An ethanolic extract of M. koenigii was observed to have antipyretic activity using yeast-induced pyrexia in a rat model25. Rageeb and group, in their experiment using albino rats, administered an alcoholic extract of M. koenigii leaves for identification of antipyretic activity using a yeast-persuaded pyrexia model. The results were approximately similar to the commercial antipyretic paracetamol26. The alcoholic extract of M. koenigii had a major antipyretic effect on PGE1-induced hyperpyrexia in rats27.
The fractionation of the n-hexane extract of the seeds of M. koenigii produces bioactive molecules, namely koenimbine, carbazole, and kurryam and these biomolecules showed activity against diarrhea and gastrointestinal motility in charcoal meal test in rats.
According to many researchers study trials, the inflammation is produced in rats by using formalin (to induce pain or inflammation, formaldehyde solution is subcutaneously injected into the rat paw). Methanol extract of leaves was taken in different doses, like 100 mg/ml, 200 mg/ml, and 400 mg/ml, and the 400 mg/ml dose showed an important effect against pain or inflammation. Hence, the study trial proved that the methanol extract of the leaves of the M. koenigii plant exhibits analgesic activity.
M. koenigii is useful for haematological properties. The normal human intake dose is administered to rats. After that, no adverse effects are observed on counts of RBC, WBC, haemoglobin, total serum protein, fibrin level, blood urea, or any histopathological (disease on tissue or cell) changes in the rat liver. Hence, the study trial proved that the plant possesses no adverse effect.
The plant contains major bioactive molecule constituents, with piper plant extract being useful for the treatment of respiratory and bronchial disorders.
A dichloromethane extract of the leaves of M. koenigii shows the presence of carbazole alkaloids. The antioxidative properties of the leaf extracts of M. koenigii using different solvents were studied based on the oil stability index OSI together with their radical scavenging ability against 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl. M. koenigii has antioxidative properties due to the presence of Mahanimbine and Koenigine, two carbazole alkaloids .
The liver is the site for drug metabolism and the detoxification site of toxic products, and so it is the organ most exposed to xenobiotics. M. koenigii prolonged hepatoprotective activity when crude aqueous extracts were studied against ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity in experimental animals. M. koenigii was reported to have a protective effect on liver impairments in chronic alcoholism. It was proven to be effective in maintaining the enzymatic oxidant status. Water extracts of carbazole alkaloids and tannin from M. koenigii were explored for their hepatoprotective properties against ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity in a HepG2 cell line model. They maintain the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant levels at a near-normal value while also maintaining the integrity of the cells. M. koenigii hydro-ethanolic leaf extract was shown to attenuate the CCl4 hepatotoxic effects in rats.
Aqueous extracts of leaves were orally administered in a daily manner for 30 days in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male rats. We found a major reduction in serum urea and creatinine levels. It elevates tissue regeneration in the kidney. M. koenigii protective activity has been shown to stimulate significant dose-dependent decreases in serum urea and creatinine levels, as well as a marked increase in the levels of plasma antioxidant capacity, in diabetic rats compared to controls. The histological integrity of the kidneys showed comparable tissue regeneration induced by the aqueous extract.
The M. koenigii extract contains an immunomodulatory agent, which stimulates humoral immunity and phagocytic function. The M. koenigii leaf extracts showed certain effects in regulating mice's immunology related to oxidative stress metabolism. An M. koenigii leaf extract can hold an immunomodulatory effect through which it can regulate the oxidative stress metabolism in diabetic mice.
M. koenigii-derived carbazole alkaloid showed inhibition of growth in human hepatocellular carcinoma and lung cancer cells in vitro. Dose-dependent inhibition of endogenous 26S proteasome activity in MDA-MB-231 cells was shown by the leaf extract of M. koenigii due to the presence of rutin, quercetin, kaempferol, and apigenin. Therefore, M. koenigii contains remarkable anticancer compounds, especially mahanine, which has been reported to have anticancer activity targeting different signalling pathways. Girinimbine, a carbazole alkaloid, plays a good role in total leukocyte migration and results in a significant reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokine levels.
An ethanolic and aqueous extract of the leaves shows anthelmintic effects against Pheretima posthuma comparable to the standard drug Piperazine. It is considered that tannins, which are the polyphenolic compounds found in M. koenigii leaves, show anthelminthic effects. M. koenigii has anthelminthic effects against the Indian earthworm (P. posthuma) from methanolic extract in a dose-dependent manner. It acts by binding the tannins to the free protein in the git of the host or binding to the glycoprotein on the cuticle of the parasite and causing the lethal effects on it. The methanolic extract leads to the paralysis of the Indian earthworm at 18 minutes and promotes a lethal effect at 45 minutes.
An ethanolic extract of leaves significantly lowered serum cholesterol in mice, inhibited the brain acetylcholinesterase enzyme, thereby increasing the acetylcholine concentration in brain homogenate, and finally improved memory in aged mice. Extract was used in two different doses, viz., 300 mg/ml and 400 mg/ml. Thus, a combination of anticholinesterase and cholesterol-lowering effects exhibited by leaf extract may be the elements responsible for this memory-improving effect observed in the study.
Das et al. have identified mahanimbine toxicity in contraindication of the larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus. M. koenigii leaves serve as larvacide for Aedes aegypti from petroleum ether extract and acetone extracts. Chloroform and methanol extracts of stem bark showed strong activity against Aedes aegypti, a dengue fever mosquito28.
A methanolic extract of M. koenigii was identified that gives protection against chromosomal damage from radiation and cyclophosphamide in vivo. Radiation leads to a rise in all types of aberrations, like the fragmentation of chromatids and breakages in chromosomes, rings, and dicentrics. The use of a methanolic extract of M. koenigii before radiation reduces the aberrations. M. koenigii can significantly protect bone marrow against radiation and cyclophosphamide
M. koenigii decreases lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide. And increases ACH/Acetylcholine (Chemical Messenger) secretion and reduces anticholinesterase (decreases breakdown of ACH). According to this study, the researchers proved that the plant is useful to prevent neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer disease.
The plant contains various major bioactive chemical compounds, including carbazole alkaloids. Due to the presence of these compounds, the plant has vasodilating activity, hypocholesterolemic activity, and anti-oxidant activity. The leaves of the plant are helpful to prevent cholesterol oxidation from bad cholesterol/LDL (low density lipoprotein) and to induce the level of good cholesterol/HDL (high density lipoprotein). Due to this pharmaceutical activity, the plant protects the body against atherosclerosis (cardiovascular disease).
Feeding of M. koenigii extract in golden hamsters showed lower caries scores compared with the control group.
M. koenigii extract is incorporated in foods (such as candies, biscuits, cakes, chewing gums, and juices) and showed 86.2% inhibition of methyl suphydral formation by cultured Fusobacterium nucleatum. Curry leaf extract, containing mahanin, isomahanine, or murrayanol as active ingredients formulated in toothpaste, was found to be useful as an oral disinfectant for protection against dental caries and periodontal disorders. They are also active against Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis29-30.
M. koenigii has hyaluronidase Inhibitors that are formulated in a cream base. The plant extract is included in a skin-lightening cosmetic for its moisturizing, antioxidant, and hyaluronidase inhibitory effects. Herbal compositions containing M. koenigii stem extract as one of the main ingredients showed skin-lightening and rough-skin-improving effects. M. koenigii was studied for sun protection. It was suggested that it maintains the natural pigmentation of the skin or can be used as an adjuvant in other formulations to enhance the activity. Curry leaf oil cream showed the sun protection factor (2.04±0.02)31-33.
M. koenigii tree grows predominantly in Indian subcontinent, its culinary use ahs been introduced it to many parts of the world. To possess anti-diabetic, cholesterol reducing property, anti-diarrheal activity, cytotoxic activity antioxidant property, antiulcer activity, antimicrobial, antibacterial potential and many more useful medicinal properties. M. koenigii is medicinally important plant, has been used many century ago by our ancestors. In the present globalization, it sir difficult to find a curry plant in many houses and majority of diets has been dependent to synthetic agent as taste enhancer against M. koenigii. Till other parts of plant such as seeds, leaves and seed oil which are documented to holds important medicinal virtues, are not explored scientifically for their biological potential. Significance of this beneficial plant should be emphasized and bioactive components of plant should be analysed further and used against the disease that have been developed resistance and synergistic should be carried out.
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Received on 19.03.2024 Revised on 21.09.2024 Accepted on 01.02.2025 Published on 18.04.2025 Available online from April 22, 2025 Asian J. Res. Pharm. Sci. 2025; 15(2):161-166. DOI: 10.52711/2231-5659.2025.00025 ©Asian Pharma Press All Right Reserved
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