INTRODUCTION:

The fundamental idea behind a drug-delivery system is the practice of delivering medicinal substances at a set pace to the sick spot in people or animals while also lowering the drug's concentration in the surrounding tissues. Localized pharmacological action decreases systemic harmful effects on tissues and increases the drug's effectiveness. The "magic bullet" is the term given to Paul Ehrlich's 1909 proposal for targeted delivery that goes straight to the afflicted cell without harming healthy cells. Numerous drug carrier methods have since been developed.¹

The development of nanocarriers for various diseases has shown to be a successful application of nanotechnology. Because of issues with solubility, absorption, distribution, or transport across biological membranes, conventional therapies are inherently doomed to fail. However, in order to accomplish the required results, nanocarriers can be engineered to allow for manipulative targeting, optimum distribution, and drug release. To improve solubility and dissolving rate, a number of nanotechnology techniques were used.² Drugs can be delivered continuously, precisely, and under control using niosome-based drug delivery systems, which are vasicular and innovative. Although liposomes were the first vesicular drug delivery technology, they have a number of drawbacks, including toxicity, high cost, and problems with stability at varying pH levels.³

The non-ionic surfactant and cholesterol that make up niosomal-based drug delivery systems are known for their excellent stability and robust capacity to increase drug bioavailability. They also function as skin penetration enhancers. Niosomes are thought to be suitable delivery systems for anti-infective and anti-cancer medications. Additionally, they reduce drug toxicity, enhance drug therapeutic indices, enhance oral bioavailability of poorly absorbed medications, and enhance targeted drug delivery. These results are in line with other published investigations on niosomal formulations of various therapeutic agents that shown a progressive rise in drug activity as a result of controlled release, particularly in cases where the drug that is entrapped is hydrophilic. Since nanoparticles' size and surface characteristics allow them to deeply penetrate the human body, the use of nanovesicles as niosomes in muco-adhesive films improves drug absorption, reduces skin irritation, and circumvents the first-pass effect.⁴

The buccal delivery system increases bioavailability, niosomes solve the buccal delivery issue, and niosomes are crucial for increasing the bioavailability of medications with low bioavailability as well as the solubility and permeability of lipophilic pharmaceuticals and using stable dosage forms.

Niosomes:

The vascular drug delivery system uses niosomes, which are non-ionic surfactant vesicles made by hydrating a combination of non-ionic surfactants and cholesterol. Both lipophilic and amphiphilic medications can be transported by it. The niosome's particle size falls between 10 and 1000nm.⁵

Structure of Niosomes:

The amphiphilic characteristic of niosomes allows for the incorporation of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic medications. Hydrophilic pharmaceuticals can be trapped in the core cavity of niosomes, while hydrophobic drugs can be trapped in the non-polar area of the bilayer.⁶ A non-ionic surfactant, cholesterol, and diethyl ether are combined to generate the multilamellar or unilamellar structure of niosomes. The resulting hydration in aqueous media aids in vesicle stabilization.^7,8

Figure 1: Structure of Niosomes.⁹

Methods for preparation of niosomes:

The literature has detailed several techniques for niosome preparation. These include the following techniques: reverse-phase evaporation, trans membrane pH gradient drug uptake, bubble method, microfluidization, thin-film hydration,¹² and ether injection. Niosomes of various sizes and size distributions could emerge as a result of each technique. ^13,14,15 A thin layer of solid mixture is left on the flask wall after surfactant and cholesterol are dissolved in a volatile organic solvent, such as diethyl ether, chloroform, or methanol, in a rotary evaporator. This process is typically used in the hand shaking method. With mild stirring, the drug-containing aqueous phase is added to the dry layer at room temperature.¹⁶

Advantages:

1. Less toxic than liposomes.

2. Used to encapsulate both hydrophilic as well as hydrophobic drugs.

3. Improve bioavailability.

4. Niosomes act as targeted, controlled as well as sustained delivery of a drug.

5. More stable as compared to convestional dosages delivary system.

6. Reduction in dose.

7. Improved therapeutic performance of dose.

8. Niosomes are osmotically active, chemically stable and have long storage time compared to liposomes;^15,17

Disadvantage:

1. Aggregation.

2. Leakage of entrapped drug.

3. Stability issue in aqueous niosomes suspension.^15,18,19

Buccal Drug Delivary System:

The process of administering a medication to the systemic circulation through the buccal mucosa, or cheek lining, is known as buccal delivery. Oral administration of these medicines is associated with issues such inadequate absorption and breakdown.¹⁸The buccal route of drug delivery has drawn a lot of interest in an effort to get around these challenges and deliver proteins and peptides successfully. Compared to the sublingual mucosa, the buccal mucosa is the preferable area for systemic transmucosal medication administration. One of the reasons is that formulations designed for continuous release action are more suited for buccal mucosa since it is less permeable and cannot induce a rapid commencement of absorption. Additionally, the buccal mucosa is easily accessible and comparatively immobile.²⁰

Advantages:

1. Relatively large surface area

2. Accessibility

3. Rich blood Supply

4. Prolonged retention

5. It offers a passive system of drug absorption and does not require any activation.

6. High patient acceptance compared to other non-oral routes of drug administration

7. Bypass the first-pass effect and non-exposure of the drugs to the gastrointestinal fluids.^20,21

Disadvantages:

1. Retard the rate and extent of drug absorption through the mucosa.

2. Continuous secretion of the saliva leads to subsequent dilution of the drug.²¹

Novel buccal medication delivery methods include tablets, film/patches, gel, microparticles, nanoparticles, wafers, and lozenges. ^{22, 23}

Niosome Buccal Film Loaded:

Buccal Film:

Two laminates make up buccal patches or film, which are cut into the necessary oval shape after an impermeable backing sheet is coated with an aqueous solution of the adhesive polymer. "Zilactin" is a new mucosal adhesive film made of three organic acids and an alcoholic HPC solution. Even when it is challenged with fluids, the film that is placed to the oral mucosa can stay in place for at least 12 hours.

Figure 2: Buccal Film

Composition:

Table No 04: Composition of Buccal Film.¹⁸

S. No	Component	Example
1	Polymers	HEC, HPC, HPMC, polyvinyl, pyrrolidone (PVP), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), carbopol and other mucoadhesive polymers
2	Diluents	Microcrystalline cellulose and starch
3	Sweetening agents	Sucralose, aspartame, Mannitol, etc.
4	Flavoring agents	Menthol, vanillin, clove oil, etc.
5	Penetration enhancer	Cyano acrylate, etc
6	Plasticizer	PEG-100, 400, propylene glycol, etc
7	Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient

Film-forming and mucoadhesive polymers are employed in the process.²⁴

Methods of buccal film:

Laminated patches are similar to the solvent-casting method, which is commonly used to create bioadhesive films, in terms of flexibility and manufacturing process. Hot-melt extrusion, solvent casting, semisolid casting, rolling, and solid dispersion extrusion.²⁵

Advantages:

1. The buccal films are more suitable than tablets.

2. Provide long residence time and effective treatment drug delivary system.

3. good mucoadhesive strength.²⁶

Mechanism of nanocarrier:

Figure 3: Mechanism of nanocarrier

Strengths and Limitations of Niosomes in Drug Delivery:

The chemical stability of niosomes is one of their most significant advantages over liposomes. Niosomes have a longer shelf life than liposomes and are more opposite to oxidation or chemical degradation. The biodegradable, biocompatible, and nonimmunogenic surfactants are use in the synthesis of niosomes. There are no requirements for surfactant handling or storage conditions. Furthermore, niosome composition, size, lamellarity, stability, and surface charge can be regulated by the type of manufacturing process, suspension concentration, cholesterol content, surfactant, and surface charge additions. However, niosomes have issues with physical stability. Niosomes in dispersion are susceptible to agglomeration, fusion, drug leakage, and hydrolysis of encapsulated medications while being stored. Moreover, niosome sterilization requires a lot of work. Niosomes should not be subjected to membrane filtration or heat sterilization. Therefore, more study is required in these areas to create commercially available niosomal preparations.²⁷

Mucoadhesive polymers have been used into formulations for the production of buccal dosage forms in order to improve buccal bioavailability and obtain longer contact times. Hydrophilic polymers, particularly cationic ones, were used in early mucoadhesion methods because they have a favorable electrostatic interaction with the anionic groups of mucin.²⁸

Niosomal Buccal Film a Great Potential System for Oral Mucosal Drug Delivery:

Nanoparticles have been studied for a variety of pharmaceutical applications because of their capacity to prevent enzymatic drug degradation, regulate drug release, and improve drug penetration and absorption at certain membrane locations, all of which boost bioavailability.²⁹

When medications penetrate membranes and get to the target location in sufficient concentration to produce a pharmacodynamic effect, a therapeutic effect is achieved. Drugs must diffuse through the mucous layer and reach the buccal epithelium in order to be absorbed when administered buccal. Because of their poor water solubility, medicines with higher log P values are less absorbed through the oral mucosa, while small and lipophilic medications (log P 1.6-3.3) are often readily absorbed. Through the transcellular pathway, lipophilic small medicines penetrate the oral mucosa. Because the intercellular lipids are amphiphilic, the hydrophilic big molecules prefer to penetrate through the paracellular channel because they are less effective through the oral mucosa (non-keratinized buccal mucosa and sublingual mucosa). Additionally, the pH of saliva influences the charge and hydrophilic/hydrophobic character of molecules, thereby impeding their absorption.³⁰

In the upcoming decades, niosomes, a revolutionary medication delivery mechanism, have the potential to completely transform medical care. This is a thorough examination of their prospects for the future:

1. Enhanced Targeting and Reduced Side Effects: Compared to traditional medication delivery techniques, niosomes provide a number of advantages. Targeted distribution to particular organs or tissues is made possible by their capacity to encapsulate a variety of medications, including poisonous, sensitive, and degradable ones. This lessens adverse effects on healthy cells and systemic exposure. It is anticipated that this focused strategy will be especially helpful in cancer treatment, as conventional methods frequently result in extensive harm.

2. Diverse Drug Encapsulation: Niosomes have the unusual capacity to encapsulate medications that are hydrophilic or hydrophobic. Because of their adaptability, they can administer a wide range of therapeutic substances, increasing their potential uses in a number of medical domains.³¹

3. Advanced Functionality: Niosomes can be engineered to react to particular environmental stimuli, including pH variations. This increases therapeutic efficacy and reduces off-target effects by enabling regulated drug release at the target site. Niosomes made for gastrointestinal delivery, for example, might be engineered to release their payload only once they have reached the small intestine's somewhat alkaline environment.

4. Broad Spectrum of Applications: Niosomes have the potential to transform the treatment of numerous illnesses in addition to cancer treatments. They are perfect for delivering medications because of their controlled drug release and capacity to target particular organs. Infectious illnesses Neurodegenerative diseases Autoimmune conditions Gene therapy.³²

One effective way to get around the problems with buccal drug delivery is to use nanoparticles as drug carriers. Since the nanoparticles stick to the buccal mucosa, extending the buccal residence and contact time with the mucosa, the nanocarriers may actually offer a number of benefits, including an increase in the drug's diffusion rate across the mucus layer, protection from degradation, and prevention of drug dilution in saliva. Furthermore, nanocarriers have a regulated and/or sustained drug release profile, which reduces the number of doses and increases patient compliance by avoiding drug elimination and oral clearance.^{33, 34}

These lipid nanoparticles have the potential to be effective topical treatments at the oral mucosa as nanocarriers. Because of their nanometric sizes, high-contact surfaces, capacity to encapsulate hydrophobic medications, and strong physicochemical stability, they can enhance penetration. Additionally, they are biocompatible and biodegradable, which allows for long-lasting therapeutic effects. The high fluidity of colloidal systems, however, may be a drawback when it comes to maintaining contact at a particular location (like the oral mucosa). To get over this possible restriction and improve viscosity, stiffness, and stability, the right matrices can be added, ³⁵ By incorporating these colloidal dispersions into various (bio) polymeric matrices, pharmaceutical forms such as films, hydrogels, sponges, and patches have been prepared that can function as intelligent drug delivary system. ³⁶

The term "niosomal buccal film" refers to novel technologies and formulations intended to administer medications through the mouth mucosa, avoiding gastrointestinal absorption, ³⁷

Difference between Liposomes and Niosomes

Liposomes	Niosomes
liposomes are made of phospholipids, they may or may not contain cholesterol.	Niosomes are made of non-ionic surfactants and cholesterol
Less stable	More stable
Expensive and they require special storage and handling conditions	Inexpensive and easier to make and store
More toxic than niosomes	Less toxic than liposomes ^37,38

Differences Between buccal film and Niosomal buccal film:

Buccal Film	Nanocarrier based Buccal film
Less Swelling property as compared to niosomal Film	Good swelling property
Fuster released drug as the Film dissolve due to Faster release potentil	Sustained release of drug. niosomes haveال to control the release rode
low bioavailability of poorly soluble dang	improve drug bioavailability
Instability issues	Stable
Lower therapeutic efficacy.	higher therapeutic efficacy.^39,40

CONCLUSION:

We Conclude this study buccal delivary enhance absorbtion and improve bioavailability, but having some limitation in delivary i.e instability issues, rapid absorbtion, less swelling property, low bioavailability, permeability, etc. so we use as a nanocarrier i.e niosomes. Niosomes composition is surfactant, Cholesterol. Cholesterol helps in rigidity for nanoparticles and form a proper shape, Niosomes overcome the problem occurring in buccal film like rapid absorbtion, bioavailability, residences Time, etc. Applications of niosomes: Highlighting their use in targeted drug delivery, topical vaccines, and other therapeutic areas etc. Niosomal Buccal Film a Great Potential System for Oral Mucosal Drug Delivery, which ultimately resulted in a very high level of patient satisfaction, and successful delivary in poorly soluble delivery system. Niosomal film have more advantages and it is a novel drug delivary system.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

The authors have no conflicts of interest regarding this investigation.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:

This review article was made possible by the valuable contributions of various sources. I am grateful to the researchers whose studies have informed this work.

REFERENCES:

1. Yeo PL, Lim CL, Chye SM, Ling AP, Koh RY. Niosomes: a review of their structure, properties, methods of preparation, and medical applications. Asian Biomedicine. 2017; Aug 1;11(4): 301-14. doi 10.1515/abm-2018-0002

2. Abla KK, Mneimneh AT, Allam AN, Mehanna MM. Application of Box-Behnken design in the preparation, optimization, and in-vivo pharmacokinetic evaluation of oral tadalafil-loaded niosomal film. Pharmaceutics. 2023; Jan 3; 15(1): 173. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15010173

3. Bhardwaj P, Tripathi P, Gupta R, Pandey S. Niosomes: A review on niosomal research in the last decade. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology. 2020; Apr 1; 56: 101581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101581

4. Arafa MG, Ghalwash D, El-Kersh DM, Elmazar MM. Propolis-based niosomes as oromuco-adhesive films: A randomized clinical trial of a therapeutic drug delivery platform for the treatment of oral recurrent aphthous ulcers. Scientific Reports. 2018; Dec 21; 8(1): 18056. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-37157-7

5. Badri S, Sailaja P, Annagowni NR, Lunjala RS, Seshu D. A review on niosomes as novel drug delivary system. International Journal of Indigenous Herbs and Drugs. 2022; Sep 29:87. https://doi.org/10.46956/ijihd.v7i5.352

6. Mawazi SM, Ann TJ, Widodo RT. Application of niosomes in cosmetics: a systematic review. Cosmetics. 2022; Nov 25; 9(6): 127. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics9060127

7. Sharma R, Dua JS, Parsad DN. An overview on Niosomes: Novel Pharmaceutical drug delivery system. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics. 2022; Apr 15; 12(2-S): 171-7. Doi:10.22270/jddt.v12i2-s.5264

8. Witika BA, Bassey KE, Demana PH, Siwe-Noundou X, Poka MS. Current advances in specialised niosomal drug delivery: Manufacture, characterization and drug delivery applications. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; Aug 26; 23(17): 9668. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23179668

9. Saraswathi TS, Mothilal M, Jaganathan MK. Niosomes as an emerging formulation tool for drug delivery-a review. IJAP. 2019; 11(2): 7-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2019v11i2.30534

10. Ag Seleci D, Seleci M, Walter JG, Stahl F, Scheper T. Niosomes as nanoparticular drug carriers: fundamentals and recent applications. Journal of Nanomaterials. 2016; 2016(1): 7372306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7372306

11. Sharma D, Ali AA, Aate JR. Niosomes as novel drug delivery system. PharmaTutor. 2018; Mar 1; 6(3): 58-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.29161/PT.v6.i3.2018.58

12. Thabet Y, Elsabahy M, Eissa NG. Methods for preparation of niosomes: A focus on thin-film hydration method. Methods. 2022; Mar 1; 199: 9-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymeth.2021.05.004

13. Alyami H, Abdelaziz K, Dahmash EZ, Iyire A. Nonionic surfactant vesicles (niosomes) for ocular drug delivery: Development, evaluation and toxicological profiling. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology. 2020; Dec 1; 60: 102069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102069

14. Bhardwaj P, Tripathi P, Gupta R, Pandey S. Niosomes: A review on niosomal research in the last decade. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology. 2020; Apr 1; 56: 101581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101581

15. Durak S, Esmaeili Rad M, Alp Yetisgin A, Eda Sutova H, Kutlu O, Cetinel S, Zarrabi A. Niosomal drug delivery systems for ocular disease—Recent advances and future prospects. Nanomaterials. 2020; Jun 18; 10(6): 1191. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10061191

16. Kazi KM, Mandal AS, Biswas N, Guha A, Chatterjee S, Behera M, Kuotsu K. Niosome: a future of targeted drug delivery systems. Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology and Research. 2010; Oct 1; 1(4): 374-80. doi.10.4103/0110-5558.76435

17. K. Nagasree, K. Pallavi, Ramya Sri S. Preparation and Evaluation of Niosomal Transdermal Patch of Clozapine. Asian Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2023; 13(1): 13-8. doi:10.52711/2231-5659.2023.00003

18. Rao NR, Shravani B, Reddy MS. Overview on buccal drug delivery systems. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 2013 Apr 1;5(4):80.

19. Chandu VP, Arunachalam A, Jeganath S, Yamini K, Tharangini K, Chaitanya G. Niosomes: a novel drug delivery system. International Journal of Novel Trends in Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2012; Feb; 2(1): 25-31. https://www.scienztech.org/index.php/i

20. Verma S, Kaul M, Rawat A, Saini S. An overview on buccal drug delivery system. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 2011; Jun 1; 2(6): 1303. http://dx.doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.2(6).1303-21

21. Dod SR, Mundhe AG, Dhapke PR, Padole NN, Mahakalkar NG. Pre-formulation Characteristics of Ticagrelor: A Comprehensive Exploration. Asian Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2024; Sep 19; 14(3): 227-30. doi:10.52711/2231-5659.2024.00037

22. Budhrani AB, Shadija AK. Mucoadhesive buccal drug delivery system: a review. American Journal of Pharmtech Research. 2020; 10(2): 275-85.

23. Sandri G, Ruggeri M, Rossi S, Bonferoni MC, Vigani B, Ferrari F. (Trans) buccal drug delivery. Nanotechnology for Oral Drug Delivery. 2020; Jan 1: 225-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818038-9.00013-2

24. Morales JO, McConville JT. Manufacture and characterization of mucoadhesive buccal films. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics. 2011; Feb 1; 77(2): 187-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2010.11.023

25. Yelave AD, Bhagwat GE. Mucoadhesive buccal films: a novel approach for the delivery of anti-hypertensive drugs. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2021; 14(4): 12-21. doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2021v14i4.40654. J

26. Nair AB, Kumria R, Harsha S, Attimarad M, Al-Dhubiab BE, Alhaider IA. In vitro techniques to evaluate buccal films. Journal of Controlled Release. 2013; Feb 28; 166(1): 10-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.11.019

27. Izhar MP, Hafeez A, Kushwaha P, Simrah. Drug delivery through niosomes: a comprehensive review with therapeutic applications. Journal of Cluster Science. 2023; Sep; 34(5): 2257-73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10876-023-02423-w

28. Morales JO, Brayden DJ. Buccal delivery of small molecules and biologics: of mucoadhesive polymers, films, and nanoparticles. Current Opinion in Pharmacology. 2017; Oct 1; 36: 22-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coph.2017.07.011

29. Dod SR, Mundhe AG, Dhapke PR, Mahakalkar NG. A Comprehensive Exploration. Asian Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Science. 2024; Sep 1; 14(3). doi10.52711/2231-5659.2024.00037

30. Smart JD. Buccal drug delivery. Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery. 2005; May 1; 2(3): 507-17. https://doi.org/10.1517/17425247.2.3.507

31. Namita S. Bhosale, Aniket S. Gudur, Rishi Ramesan, Dipasha D. Rane, Pranil D. Arolkar, Afrin S. Darwajkar, Pratiksha P. Mestry, Vijay A. Jagtap. A Comprehensive Review on Buccal Drug Delivery System. Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2023; 13(2): 139-5. doi.10.52711/2231-5713.2023.00026

32. Yarragunta Roja, Hindustan Abdul Ahad, Haranath Chinthaginjala, Maninjeri Soumya, Sana Muskan, Nagaraju gari Kavyasree. A Glance at the Literature review on Buccal films. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Technology. 2022; 14(2): 189-2. doi. 10.52711/0975-4377.2022.00030

33. Desale Kishor B. Darekar A.B., Saudagar R.B. An Overview a Novel Trend in Drug Delivery: Niosomes. Res. J. Pharm. Dosage Form. and Tech. 2016; 8(3): 211-217. doi.10.5958/0975-4377.2016.00029.X

34. Nakkala Balaji, V. Sai Kishore, Kasani Hari Krishna Gouda.. Niosomes-Promising Drug Carrier: A Review. Research J. Pharma. Dosage Forms and Tech. 2011; 3(2): 42-47.

35. Harshavardhan Padole, Dipali Kawale, Himanshu Adkane. A Short Review on Techniques useful to Enhance Solubility and Drug Dissolution Rate for Intensification of Bioavailability. Research Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics. 2024; 16(3): 251-5. doi.10.52711/2321-5836.2024.00043

36. Kshitij B. Makeshwar, Suraj R. Wasankar. Niosome: a Novel Drug Delivery System. Asian J. Pharm. Res. 2013; 3(1): 15-19.

37. Rai A, Alam G, Singh AP, Verma NK. Niosomes: An approach to current drug delivery-A Review. International Journal of Advances in Pharmaceutics. 2017; Feb 28; 6(2): 41-8. https://dx.doi.org/10.7439/ijap.v6i2.3863

38. Prakash Nathaniel Kumar Sarella, Veera Kumari Vendi, Anil Kumar Vipparthi, Surekha Valluri, Srujala Vegi. Advances in Proniosomes: Harnessing Nanotechnology for Enhanced Drug Delivery. Asian Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2024; 14(3): 279-6. doi:10.52711/2231-5659.2024.00046

39. Dibyalochan Mohanty, M. Jhansi, Vasudha Bakshi, M. Akiful Haque, Swapna S, Chinmaya Keshari Sahoo, Atul Kumar Upadhyay. Niosomes: A Novel Trend in Drug Delivery. Research J. Pharm. and Tech 2018; 11(11): 5205-5211. doi. 10.5958/0974-360X.2018.00950.2

40. Mandal PA, Dhoble NN, Padole N, Dhapke P, Baheti JR. Niosomal-based drug delivery system: A novel target strategy for the treatment of arthritis. IJAP. 2024; https://dx.doi.org/10.7439/ijap.v6i2.3875

Received on 02.12.2024 Revised on 31.12.2024

Accepted on 28.01.2025 Published on 03.03.2025

Available online from March 07, 2025

Asian J. Res. Pharm. Sci. 2025; 15(1):20-26.

DOI: 10.52711/2231-5659.2025.00004

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Creative Commons License.