INTRODUCTION:

Moringa oleifera, also called as the drumstick tree, horse radish tree, or sincerely Moringa, is a quick-growing, drought-resistant tree local to the Indian subcontinent¹ t's far extensively cultivated in tropical and subtropical areas around the arena because of its superb dietary and medicinal homes. virtually every a part of the Moringa tree, which includes the leaves, seeds, pods, flora, bark, and roots, is applied in conventional medication, meals, and agriculture.(three) nutritional and Medicinal value.

Nutritional and Medicinal Value:

Moringa oleifera leaves are mainly wealthy in nutrients, minerals, and bioactive compounds², making them a precious dietary supplement The leaves are a first-rate supply of vitamins A, C, and E, in addition to minerals consisting of calcium, potassium, and iron. More over^, the leaves are a first-rate supply of vitamins A, C, and E, in addition to minerals consisting of calcium, potassium, and iron. Moreover. past its nutritional cost, Moringa oleifera is famend for its medicinal residences. It has been utilized in traditional medicine for hundreds of years to treat diverse ailments, together with infection, infections, digestive problems, and pores and skin situationspresent day clinical research has begun to validate many of these traditional uses, with research highlighting the plant's antimicrobial and antioxidant activities.

Significance as a Source of Antioxidants:

one of the most great medicinal residences of Moringa oleifera is its powerful antioxidant activity³ Antioxidants are compounds that defend the frame from oxidative strain by using neutralizing free radicals—volatile molecules that could motive cell damage and make a contribution to the development of chronic diseases such as most cancers, cardiovascular sicknesses, and neurodegenerative issues.

· Moringa leaves are especially wealthy in a ramification of antioxidant compounds, which includes: veggies. Flavonoids together with quercetin and kaempferol are plentiful in Moringa leaves and are recognized veggies. for their sturdy antioxidant residences

· Flavonoids: these are a numerous group of phytonutrients observed in many fruits and Phenolic Acids: Compounds like chlorogenic acid and gallic acid, found in Moringa, have been proven to show off antioxidant and anti-carcinogenic effects^.

· Ascorbic Acid (vitamin C): A crucial nutrient and effective antioxidant, diet C helps protect cells from oxidative pressure and helps the immune device.

• Carotenoids: Moringa leaves contain beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A and a potent antioxidant that allows shield in opposition to lose radical harm. Impact of Solvent Extraction on Antioxidant interest the approach of extraction performs a vital function in figuring out the antioxidant pastime of Moringa leaf extracts. Exceptional solvents, depending on their polarity, can extract varying kinds and quantities of antioxidant compounds from the leaves^. or example: Polar solvents which include water and ethanol are effective at extracting hydrophilic antioxidants like flavonoids and phenolic acids^.

· Non-polar solvents which include hexane may additionally extract lipid-soluble antioxidants, but are normally less powerful at taking pictures the full spectrum of antioxidant compounds in Moringa leaves

Advancing Research and Filling Knowledge Gaps:

The systematic study of extraction solvents also contributes to the scientific understanding of Moringa oleifera and its bioactive compounds. It can reveal previously unknown aspects of the plant's chemistry and biology, such as:

· Identification of New Antioxidants: Different solvents may help isolate and identify new antioxidant compounds in Moringa leaves that have not been previously studied.

Comparative studies: studies evaluating the antioxidant pastime of Moringa extracts obtained with one-of-a-kind solvents can provide insights into the best extraction techniques, main to standardized protocols that may be broadly adopted.

The objectives of this review are as follows:

1. To Summarize current information:
focusing on how special solvents have an impact on the extraction of bioactive compounds.

2. To examine Solvent Extraction techniques: o to examine the effectiveness of numerous solvents (which includes water, ethanol, methanol, acetone, and others) in extracting antioxidant compounds from Moringa leaves, and to analyze how those solvents impact the general antioxidant pastime of the extracts.

3. To become aware of Key Antioxidant Compounds: o to discover and talk the important thing antioxidant compounds found in Moringa leaf extracts that make contributions to its antioxidant interest, and to explore how their extraction is suffering from one-of-a-kind solvents.

4. to spotlight research Gaps: o to identify gaps inside the cutting-edge research, specially in regions along

METHODOLOGY:

Some Phytoconstituents Present in Moringa oleifera:

Moringa oleifera, regularly known as the "drumstick tree," is famend for its high content material of antioxidant compounds⁴. Those compounds contribute significantly to its fitness advantages and medicinal houses the key antioxidant compounds located in Moringa leaves encompass flavonoids, phenolic acids, vitamins, and carotenoids^. here’s an outline of these compounds, their mechanisms of motion, and their related fitness benefits:

1. Flavonoids:

Quercetin: A distinguished flavonoid in Moringa leaves, quercetin is known for its robust antioxidant houses. It helps neutralize unfastened radicals and protect cells from oxidative harm.

Kaempferol: every other great flavonoid in Moringa, kaempferol exhibits robust antioxidant pastime and is known to lessen oxidative pressure, inflammation, and even most cancers danger.

2. Phenolic Acids:

hlorogenic Acid: observed in high concentrations in Moringa leaves, chlorogenic acid is a potent antioxidant acknowledged for its position in reducing oxidative pressure and inflammation.

Gallic Acid: some other critical phenolic acid, gallic acid, contributes to the overall antioxidant capacity of Moringa leaf extracts

3. Vitamins:

Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid A water-soluble nutrition with robust antioxidant properties, nutrition C enables guard cells from oxidative harm and supports immune feature.

Vitamin E (Tocopherol): A fats-soluble vitamin that acts as a strong antioxidant, vitamin E protects cell membranes from oxidative stress.

4. Carotenoids:

Beta-Carotene: A precursor to diet a, beta-carotene is an essential antioxidant found in Moringa leaves. it's far recognized for its function in maintaining healthy imaginative and prescient and immune characteristic.

Lutein and Zeaxanthin: those carotenoids also are found in Moringa leaves and are acknowledged for his or her protective consequences on eye health.

Pharmacological Activities of Moringa oleifera:

Antioxidant Activity of Moringa Oleifera:

Research have proven that moringa oleifera has high antioxidant hobby, which can help:

1. Reduce irritation

2. Guard towards mobile damage

3. Save you chronic illnesses like most cancers, diabetes, and heart ailment

4. Aid eye health

5. Beautify cognitive feature

Moringa's antioxidant residences are because of its excessive content material of:

1. Diet C

2. Nutrition

3. Beta-carotene

4. Polyphenols

5. Flavonoids

some precise antioxidant compounds located in moringa include:

1. Quercetin

2. Kaempferol

3. Rutin

4. Chlorogenic acid

basic, Moringa oleifera is a nutrient-dense meals that may be a brilliant addition to a healthy food regimen and lifestyle!

Anticancer Activity of Moringa oleifera:

Moringa has shown remarkable anticancer properties! Here are some exciting findings:

Leaf extract:

· Slowed down tumor growth in mouse melanoma studies

· Stopped lung cancer cells (A549) from growing and multiplying

· Prevented new blood vessels from forming (antiangiogenic effect), which can help prevent cancer spread

· Showed cytotoxic effects (killed cancer cells) in breast, liver, and colon cancer cells, as well as ovarian cancer cells that were resistant to chemotherapy

· Protected the liver from damage (hepatoprotective effect)

Neuropharmacological activity:

Moringa has shown exciting neuropharmacological activities, which affect the brain and nervous system^{, 5} Here are some key findings:

Leaf extract:

· Protected against Alzheimer's disease in animal studies by:

· Improving memory and cognitive function

· Altering brain chemical levels (monoamines) and electrical activity

· Showed nootropic activity (enhanced cognitive function) in another study

· Had anticonvulsant effects (reduced seizures) in two different models

Antidiabetic activity:

Extract of leaf showed good sized ant hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic activity in normal and alloxan-precipitated diabetic rats. An problematic examine changed into carried out to determine the impact of aqueous leaf extract on lipid profile, frame weight, glucose, plasma insulin, homeostatic version evaluation, and oral glucose tolerance test in insulin-resistant (IR) and type 1 diabetic rat fashions. IR rats were fed a high-fructose diet, and type 1 diabetic rats have been treated with Streptozotocin (STZ) (fifty-five mg/kg). IR rats confirmed a growth in hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, and frame weight, while STZ-brought on diabetic rats confirmed hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia. Leaf extract administration for 60 days lower back all of the atypical parameters to everyday tiers.

Anti Inflammatory Activity of Moringa oleifera:

Moringa oleifera indicates strong outcomes in its leaves, pods, plant life, and roots^.One precise compound from Moringa, known as 4-[2-o-Acetyl-alpha -l-rhamnosyloxy] benzyl thiocynate, can inhibit nitric oxide and was powerful in a kind of mobile linesome other compound from the roots, aurnatiamide acetate, along with 1,three-dibenzylurea, can lessen the production of TNF-α, a key and anti-antianti inflammatory marker Various active compounds in Moringa, like tannins, phenols, and flavonoids, also have anti-inflammatory properties⁶The fruit extract from Moringa blocks a pathway involved in inflammation^,7while high doses of the chloroform extract can be toxic Additionally, Moringa leaf extract has been shown to help treat skin conditions like atopic dermatitis in mice by lowering certain inflay markers in their ear tissues

Antibacterial Activity of Moringa oleifera:

Moringa oleifera, a plant local to India, has been used for centuries in conventional remedy^{. 8}Research has confirmed its antimicrobial properties, particularly its antibacterial activity. Here are some key points:

-Antibacterial compounds: Moringa incorporates diverse bioactive compounds like alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and glycosides that have proven antibacterial pastime ⁹

-Powerful towards more than one microorganism: Moringa has been determined effective in opposition to various bacteria¹⁰, along with:

· Staphylococcus aureus

· Bacillus subtilis

· Escherichia coli (E. coli)

· Pseudomonas aeruginosa

· Salmonella typhi

Antibacterial mechanisms: Moringa's antibacterial activity may be attributed to:

· disrupting cell membrane integrity

· inhibiting protein synthesis

· interfering with DNA replication

CONCLUSION:

A comprehensive review of Moringa oleifera concludes that this versatile plant is a rich source of essential nutrients, bioactive compounds, and medicinal properties. Its leaves, seeds, and pods are packed with vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, contributing to various health benefits, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant effects.

Research supports Moringa's potential in managing chronic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular conditions. Its phytochemicals, such as flavonoids, phenolics, and glucosinolates, exhibit significant biological activities, making Moringa a valuable addition to dietary and therapeutic practices.

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Received on 14.11.2024 Revised on 12.12.2024

Accepted on 06.01.2025 Published on 03.03.2025

Available online from March 07, 2025

Asian J. Res. Pharm. Sci. 2025; 15(1):87-91.

DOI: 10.52711/2231-5659.2025.00013

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