INTRODUCTION:

Adenocalymma alliaceum is a medicinal shrub belonging to the family Bignoniaceae, widely distributed in northern Brazil and the Amazon rainforest¹. It has been traditionally used by tribal people to treat various ailments such as fever and cold, locally used as a folk medicine, not extensively mentioned in any published books or literature². This evergreen shrub is highly valued for its ornamental qualities, growing up to 6-8 feet in height with vibrant green leaves³.

Adenocalymma alliaceum produces beautiful tri-coloured blooms and emits a distinctive garlic-like aroma⁴. Despite its popularity as an ornamental plant, it possesses various pharmacological activities that have been demonstrated through in vivo and in vitro studies, particularly in the management of diabetes mellitus⁵. Adenocalymma alliaceum has gained attention due to its potential therapeutic properties⁵. The plant's bark, leaves, stems, and roots contain a range of bioactive compounds that have been used to treat various diseases and disorders⁶. The chemical constituents of the plant, exhibiting antimicrobial, antihyperlipidemic, antifungal, and antimycotic activities etc. these properties make Adenocalymma alliaceum a promising source for the development of allopathic drugs⁷. It provides a comprehensive overview of Adenocalymma alliaceum, covering its botanical profile, traditional and modern uses, global habitat distribution, and reported pharmacological activities⁸. By exploring its diverse aspects, this research contributes to the understanding and utilization of valuable medicinal plants with potential applications in healthcare and pharmaceutical industries⁹. Further research and exploration of this plant may unveil additional therapeutic benefits and contribute to the development of novel drugs and treatments.

PLANT PROFILE:

Adenocalymma alliaceum, commonly known as the Garlic Vine, is a herbal shrub that belongs to the family Bignoniaceae. However, it is predominantly used as a folk medicine in the local communities and is not extensively documented in books or pharmacopoeias.

Biological name: Adenocalymma alliaceum.

Family: Bignoniaceae.

Synonyms: Adenocalymma pachypus, Adenocalymma sagotii, Bignonia alliacea, Pachypteraalliacea, Pseudocalymma alliaceum, Pseudocalymmasagotti etc.

Common name: False garlic, Garlic rope, Garlic vine.

Vernacular name:

Spanish: Ajos sacha

Hindi: Lahsun bel;

Malayalam: Vellulli Chedi.

Parts to be used: Flowers, leaves, stem bark, roots.

Habitat: It is found in Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico. In India, it is mainly found in Kerala state.

Taxonomy:

Kingdom: Plantae;

Phylum: Magnoliophyta

Class: Angiospermae

Category: Lamiids

Order: Lamiales

Family: Bignoniaceae

Genus: Adenocalymma

Chemical constituents: Major constituents are Diallyl disulphide (Leaves:34.0%; Flowers:49.7%) and Diallyl trisulfide (Leaves:58.2%; Flowers:32.7%).

Phytoconstituents: Rich with alkaloid, carbohydrates, flavonoid, glycoside, tannin, protein, steroid and phenols.

Classification:

Kingdom: Plantae

Phylum: Magnoliophyta

Class: Magnoliopsida

Order: Lamiales

Family: Bignoniaceae

Genus: Adenocalymma.

Morphology of plant:

Size and Growh: Moderate-sized shrub (6-8 feet in height).

Leaves: Bright reen and glossy leaves.

Flowers: Trumpet-shaped and tricolor (white, pink, and purple).

Fragrance: Garlic-like smell.

Bark: Smooth and grayish-brown in color.

Stem: Woody and sturdy provide support.

Adenocalymma alliaceum exhibits various pharmacological activities that have been validated through in vivo and in vitro studies due to therapeutic potential of Adenocalymma alliaceum lies in its different parts, including the bark, leaves, stems, and roots. Also, traditional uses and beliefs surrounding the plant include its spiritual and magical properties, often regarded as a symbol of good luck and protection against negative energies. Plant components contain a variety of pharmaceutical constituents that have been used to treat a wide range of diseases and disorders. The isolation of these phytoconstituents is typically achieved through the extraction of the plant material using methods such as methanol extraction. Additionally, the flowers of Adenocalymma alliaceum are known to contain essential oils, which are rich in specific chemical compounds. Flowers rich with sulphide molecules show antimicrobial, antihyperlipidemic, antifungal, and antimycotic properties also served as a basis for the development of allopathic drugs targeting various medical conditions^10-14.

MORPHOLOGY OF PLANT:

Size and Growth: Adenocalymma alliaceum is a moderate-sized shrub that typically grows up to 6-8 feet in height. It has a bushy and compact growth habit¹².

Leaves: The plant has bright green, glossy leaves that are arranged oppositely along the stems. The leaves are lanceolate or elliptical in shape, with a pointed tip and smooth margins¹³.

Flowers: Adenocalymma alliaceum produces attractive flowers that bloom in a tricolour manner. The flowers are tubular and trumpet-shaped, with a combination of colours including white, pink, and purple with clusters or racemes¹².

Fragrance: The flowers of Adenocalymma alliaceum emit a distinct garlic-like fragrance, which adds to their ornamental value¹².

Bark and Stems: The bark of the plant is smooth and greyish-brown in colour. The stems are woody and sturdy, providing support to the foliage and flowers¹³.

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS AND PHYTOCONSTITUENTS:

Diallyl disulfide: Known as bioactive component of garlic with potentialanti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, neuroprotective, antifungal properties etc. It has been isolated from Adenocalymma alliaceum and studied for its therapeutic effects^15,16.

Diallyl trisulfide: Another important compound found in flowers. Consist tri-sulfur bond which exhibits antifungal, antitumour, antioxidants activity along with it shows antagonistic, apoptosis, vasodilator like properties ^17,18.

Flavonoids: It contributes to anticancer, antiviral, anti-inflammatory activities and biological and therapeutic effects which depend upon their mode of action and bioavailability^19,20.

Allicin: Allicin is a sulfur-containing compound known as reactive sulphur species (RSS) and ability to oxidize thiols in cells leads to antimicrobial and antifungal activities^21,22,23.

Phenolic compounds: It is a natural bioactive component of plant which act as antioxidant, structural polymer, defence response chemical etc. which are known for their Anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory activities^24,25.

TRADITIONAL USES:

Adenocalymma alliaceum, also known as "Lahsun bel" or "Garlic Vine," has been traditionally used by tribal communities for various purposes ²⁶. Here are some traditional uses of Adenocalymma alliaceum.

Fever and Cold: Adenocalymma alliaceum has been used by tribal communities to alleviate symptoms of fever and cold that help reduce body temperature and relieve congestion²⁷.

Respiratory Disorders: The herbal drug has been employed to treat respiratory conditions such as cough, bronchitis, and asthmapossess expectorant and broncho-dilatory properties, which may help in managing respiratory ailments ²⁸.

Digestive Issues: Adenocalymma alliaceum has been traditionally used to address digestive problems like indigestion, stomach-ache, and flatulencewhich can aid in soothing the digestive system²⁹.

Wound Healing: The herbal drug has been applied topically on wounds and cuts to promote healing to prevent infections and facilitate the recovery of injured tissues³⁰.

Magical and Spiritual Beliefs: In some tribal cultures, believed to possess protective qualities and is used to ward off evil energies or negative influences³¹.

REPORTED PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES:

Antioxidant activity:

Plant extract consists of anthocyanin which shows the antioxidant action which helps to reduce oxidative stress³². This anthocyanin, scavenging the free radicals, induces the anti-oxidant enzyme and chelates metal agents³³. It actsas the most effective and natural agent in the body which majorly helps in Alzheimer's treatment, CVS treatments and apoptotic disorders also on skin diseases³⁴.

Antibacterial activity:

Secondary metabolites of Adenocalymma alliaceum shows the inhibitory action on microbial growth and characterized in methanol, ethanol, chloroform, and aqueous extracts were active against E. coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus malleus, and Proteus vulgaris but the aqueous extract was ineffective against Bacillus subtilis³⁵.The methanolicextract is majorly effective in treatment of bacteria which is more prone towards gram positive bacterial infection than gram negative bacterial infection³⁶.

Anti-diabetic activity:

Adenocalymma alliaceum flowers extractcontains flacitran which is flavonoid category constituents helps to reducehyperglycemia activity as well as alters the pancreatic mode of action ^37,38. Here majorly allicin constituents act as anti-diabetic nature by inhibiting advanced glycation end product (AGE) which eliminates further oxidative stress over body and helps to increase pancreatic anti diabetic action ^39,40. Further it inhibits the radical formations, increases glucokinase performance, diabetic complications ⁴¹.

Anti-hyperlipidaemic activity:

Flowers containing constituents showhypolipidemic activity in both animals and humans meaning it inhibits the absorption of cholesterol from the intestine which leads to decrease all bad cholesterollevelsin the body ⁴². Prominently beta amyrin shows hypoglycaemic activity by reducing VLDL protein and increasing HDL level in the body⁴³. Flavonoid flacitran also affects the metabolic symptoms, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, serum urea, elevating body weight, high-density lipoprotein, and serum protein⁴⁴.

Anti-rheumatic drug:

Adenocalymma alliaceum usually bark tincture shows Cox inhibiting action which also helps to reduce inflammation as well as oedema⁴⁵.Plantsconsist of allicin as well as diallyl sulphide act as anti-inflammatory agents which effectively treat the autoimmune disease i. erheumatoid arthritis and help to reduce excess of joints inflammation and swelling⁴⁵.

Ant aflatoxigenic activity:

Anti aflatoxigenic action means the reduction of lipid peroxidation activity which leads to decreased aflatoxin biosynthesis and this inhibitory action affects microbial cells⁴⁶. It against fungal isolates that cause biodeterioration of cereal grains, legume seeds, dry fruits, fresh fruits, and raw herbal drugs during storage and transportation also possesses a wide spectrum of fungi toxicity against fungi associated with deterioration of food commodities and herbal drugs⁴⁷.

Fungicidal activity:

Direct shows action on fungal cells and permanently stops their activity which leads to cidal effect which is majorly used to treat fruit disease like stem end rot disease ⁴⁸.

Anticancer activity:

This Adenocalymma alliaceum shows the anti-cancer activity on cancerous cellsmainly targets the T3HA cancerous cells by destroying their colonies ⁴⁹. These constituents show activity by arresting the G2/M phase, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondria mediated apoptosis. Overall affects the functioning of cells and disturbs cell function which leads to death of cancer cells with less effect over healthy cells ⁵⁰.

Anthelmintic activity:

Anthelmintic action shows against the pheretima posthuma which is proven under in vitro and in silico method⁵¹. Such as 7-O- methyl glucuronide, scutellarin, luteolin, and ursolic acid show such types of activity ⁵².

Larvicidal activity:

This acts over the growth and development of mosquito larvae, prolonging and delaying the larval and duration of pupal⁵³. This happened because of the presence of disulphide and diallyl sulphide constituents which are used in various concentrations for treatment ⁵⁴. It acts by impairing the action of various enzymes such as trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, amino and carboxy peptidase⁵⁵. In vivo as well as in vitro assay also determines that both phytoconstituents show activity via inhibiting acetylcholinesterase ⁵⁶.

CONCLUSION:

Adenocalymma alliaceum, commonly known as Garlic Vine or Shamantak, is an herbal shrub native to the Amazon rainforest and northern Brazil, with some presence in India. It is prized for its ornamental qualities, featuring bright green leaves and tri-colored blooms with a distinct garlic-like fragrance. Beyond its aesthetic appeal, this plant holds significant pharmacological potential. Its bark, leaves, stems, and roots contain bioactive compounds like diallyl disulfide and diallyl trisulfide, which exhibit antimicrobial, antihyperlipidemic, antifungal, and antimycotic activities. These properties make Adenocalymma alliaceum a promising candidate for the development of allopathic drugs, particularly in the management of diabetes mellitus. However, despite its cultural significance, this plant remains underrepresented in published literature, indicating the need for further research to fully explore its therapeutic benefits. In summary, Adenocalymma alliaceum is an intriguing herbal shrub with remarkable pharmacological potential. Its captivating appearance and bioactive compounds make it an attractive choice for landscaping, while its medicinal properties, particularly in the treatment of diabetes, hold promise for allopathic drug development. Further research and exploration are required to fully understand and harness the benefits of this plant. Embracing the possibilities offered by Adenocalymma alliaceum could lead to innovative approaches in medicine, benefiting individuals and society as a whole.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT:

The authors would like to acknowledge Dr. Ashwini R. Madgulkar, Principal, AISSMS College of Pharmacy, Pune, for her encouragement and guidance.

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST:

No conflict of interest was declared by the authors. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the paper.

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Received on 07.08.2023 Modified on 05.03.2024

Asian J. Res. Pharm. Sci. 2024; 14(3):273-278.

DOI: 10.52711/2231-5659.2024.00045