INTRODUCTION:

The weed Cleome viscosa (CV) Linn. (Capparidaceae) is found throughout the tropics of the world including the plains of India. Its alternate name is C. icosandra. The plant is an annual herb with glandular and simple hairs that has a powerful, penetrating odour. It has branches and reaches a height of 30 to 90 cm. The 3-5 foliate, obovate, and obtuse leaves get shorter as they move upward. The axillary, yellow flowers develop into a loose raceme. The seeds are subglobose, slightly transversely striate, and turn brownish-black when ripe. The fruits are compressed, hairy capsules. CV is also referred to as sticky cleome, dog mustard, and wild mustard. The herb has reportedly been used as a febrifuge, antibacterial, carminative, antiscorbutic, sudorific, and heart stimulant in traditional medical systems. Researchers have worked hard to prove the efficacy of C. viscosa (CV) through rigorous pharmacological screens in response to the different traditional claims that it can be used to treat a variety of ailments. According to pharmacological research, CV exhibits a wide range of noteworthy biological activity, including anthelmintic, antibacterial, analgesic, antiinflammatory, immunomodulatory, antipyretic, psychopharmacological, antidiarrheal, and hepatoprotective ones.

Figure1:- Cleome viscosa Plant

The plant has produced a wide range of phytoprinciples that have been isolated. The goal of the current review is to combine the existing traditional, ethnobotanical, phytochemical, and pharmacological knowledge on C. viscosa.¹

· Order: Capparales

· Family: Capparaceae

· Genus: Cleome Linn.

· Species: Cleome viscosa Linn

Applications in traditional medicine:

Humanity has employed plants as a source of medicine from the beginning of time. Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, and other systems outside of India are examples of organised medical systems that have developed from the indigenous knowledge of many traditional cultures after being organised, documented, and codified.

According to the Ayurvedic medical system, CV has calming, stomachic, laxative, diuretic, and anthelmintic qualities . According to reports, it can help with the treatment of uterine complaints, blood disorders, leprosy, skin diseases, indigestion-related fevers, and malarial fevers . It is also known to be effective in treating ulcers, earaches, and "Kapha" (phlegm) removal.

The seeds of the plant have been used as an anthelmintic and a detergent in the Unani system of medicine. The plant's seeds are prescribed as an anthelmintic and detergent in the Unani system of medicine to cure fever and diarrhoea . According to Kirtikar and Basu (1984), the leaf juice can treat earaches, malaria, piles, and lumbago.²

Applications in folk medicine:

The countless little-known and undiscovered therapeutic uses, particularly those of plant origin, have come to light thanks to ethnomedicinal research, which have attracted a lot of interest in recent years. They certainly merit scrutiny using cutting-edge scientific techniques like clinical trials, biological screens, and phytochemical analysis. Researchers' ethnobotanical surveys show that almost every component of CV has therapeutic properties (Table 1).³

Table 1:- Therapeutic Properties of Cleome viscosa Linn

Part of the plant	Uses
Leaves	Boils
	Earache
	Headache
	UlcersWounds
Seeds	Helminthic infections
	Convulsions
	Fever and diarrhea
	Skin diseases
Roots	Cardiac stimulant
	Diabetes

Phytochemistry:

On several plant sections (root, stem, leaf, and seed), phytochemical studies has been done in order to identify and characterise chemicals.

The extracts were subjected to a preliminary phytochemical screening, and it was discovered that terpenes, flavonoids, phenol carboxylic acid, and polyphenols were present.⁴

Sesquiterpenoids, monoterpene hydrocarbons, and oxygenated derivatives have reportedly been found in leaf, seed, and root extracts. Compounds identified by Gas chromatography (GC), Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS), [1] H NMR in leaves extract of Cleome viscosa Linn. were Heptane-4-one, α-pinene, camphene, dehydrosabenene, 6-Methylhept-5-ene-2-one, β-pinene, myrcene, p-cymene, limonene, E-ocimene, α-tepeniol, alloocimene, citronellic acid, coumarin, cedrene, α-amorphene, ethyl palmitate. Extract from the roots included the following compounds: Oct-1-ene, -pinene, -pinene, myrcene, p-cymene, E-ocimene, dehydrolinalool, undecan, allo-ocimene, limonene oxide, -tepeniol, Decan-2-ol, citronellic acid, and Deca-2,4-dien-1-al. Oct-1-ene, Heptane-4-one, and seeds extract Non-1-ene, -pinene, dehydrosabenene, and heptane-2-one 6-Methylhept-5-ene-2-one, Benzoic acid, undecan, limonene oxide, e-ocimene, myrcene, p-cymene, limonene, dehydrolinalool, These compounds included coumarin, deca-2,4-dien-1-al, decan-2-ol, geraniol, and undec-10-e-1-al.Six seeds were found to contain viscocic, or viscosin (monomethoxy trihydroxyflavone).⁸The novel glycoside eriiodictyol-5-rhamnoside has been isolated from the entire plant. Seed extracts contained the cleomiscosin A and B metabolites.⁹ Glu-cocapparin, glucocleomin, and cleomaldeic acid ((3E, 7E, 11E) are all examples of glucosinolates. The macrocyclic diterpene (20-oxocembra-3, 7, 11, 15-tetraen-19-oic acid) has been isolated from the entire plant.⁹

Chemical Constituents:

Many different chemical components have been extracted from different regions of CV. Figure 2 depicts the chemical structures of the plant's main chemical components.

Important Chemical Constituents ¹⁰

Pharmacological activities:

Scientists have tested CV for a variety of pharmacological effects and discovered that it has important effects such anthelmintic, antibacterial, analgesic, antiinflammatory, immunomodulatory, antipyretic, psychopharmacological, antidiarrheal, and hepatoprotective activity. Table 2 lists the plant's documented pharmacological actions in general.¹¹

Activity	Part of the plant/extract used
Analgesic	Whole plant, seeds/methanol, aqueous
Anthelmintic	Seeds/aqueous, alcohol
Antidiarrheal	Whole plant/methanol
Antiinflammatory	Whole plant/methanol
Antimalarial	Leaves/methanol
Antimicrobial	Leaves, flowers, stems, aerial/ethanol, hexane, aqueous
Antipyretic	Whole plant/methanol
Gastroprotective	Leaves/methanol
Hepatoprotective	Seeds/aqueous
Immunomodulatory	Aerial/aqueous, ethanol, coumarino-lignoids
Mutagenic	Seed oil
Psychopharmacological	Whole plant/methanol

Researchers have concentrated on its pharmacological screening due to its historical claim in literature. Among all the recorded activities, some of the most significant ones are described in this manuscript as follows:

Antimicrobial Activity:

The antibacterial investigation was conducted using different Cleome viscosa Linn. seed extracts. There were eight types of microbes employed. gasoline ether . The Cleome viscosa Linn. seed extract, chloroform extract, ethyl acetate extract, ethanol extract, and aqueous extract were all tested against these eight microbial species. clinical samples of earache pus also used were patients. The test results have revealed considerable microbiological resistance.⁷The regions of inhibition were discovered to reside in the 10 to 17mm. The values of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) the effectiveness of extracts against microorganisms that ranged from within 0.1 and 0.45¹²

Analgesic Activity:

In order to assess the analgesic activity of Cleome viscosa Linn. in experimental animal models, a study was conducted. A dose of 75mg/kg body weight, 100 mg/kg body weight, or 125mg/kg body weight reduced the number of writhes. Compared to aspirin, the fixed oil (by weight) of Cleome viscosa Linn. Seeds treatment as well as control. 75mg/kg of body weight of fixed oil reduces the writhes (100mg/kg body weight, 125mg/kg body weight) by 91.69, 92.3, and 96.0 percent, respectively. an amount of (150mg/kg body weight), the aspirin-treated mice group had 11 writhes. Nevertheless, the control group had 62 writhes, therefore the beneficial effects of aspirin has been shown to lessen writhes by 82.42%. The acid is acetic. The induced writhing technique is a efficient peripheral evaluation technique active painkillers.¹³

Hepatoprotective Activity:

The ethanolic extract of Cleome viscosa Linn. was tested for its ability to protect the liver from damage caused by carbon tetrachloride in experimental animal models. Studies "in vivo" and histological investigations revealed the test substance to be efficient. Animals poisoned with carbon tetrachloride experienced a significantly shorter "thiopental"-induced sleep thanks to the extract. The ethanolic extract of Cleome viscosa Linn. had effects comparable to those of "Silymarin," a common hepatoprotective drug. From the outcome seen it was determined that the ethanolic extract of Cleome viscosa Linn is hepatoprotective agent.¹⁴

Antidiarrhoeal Activity:

"A study was performed" to assess the effectiveness of a methanolic extract of Cleome viscosa Linn. (Family: Capparidaceae) against certain rat diarrhoea models. PGE2 and castor oil-induced diarrhoea inhibition of induced enteropooling in rats activity was seen as a result of the extract. The charcoal meal test in rats revealed a significant decrease in gastrointestinal motility.extract. It was determined from the data that Cleome viscosa Linn is a potent anti-diarrheal medication.¹⁵

Antiemetic Activity:

Young chicks were used in a trial to assess the antiemetic effects of Cleome viscosa Linn. fixed oil. Fixed oil reduces the number of retches by 84.43%, 85.56%, and 91.77% in doses of 75mg/kg body weight, 100 mg/kg body weight, and 125 mg/kg body weight, respectively. Chlorpromazine caused 47 retches in the group of chicks who received it at a dose of (150mg/kg body weight). However, there were 68 retches in the control group, therefore chlorpromazine reduced the retches by 30.56%. More so than chlorpromazine, cleome viscosa Linn. seed oil reduced emesis. These findings suggest that the fixed oil of Cleome viscosa Linn. has antiemetic activity and is comparable to the anti-nausea drug chlorpromazine.¹⁶

Antitumor Activity:

In experimental animal models, a study was conducted to assess the anticancer effects of Cleome viscosa Linn. The extract was given at doses of 200mg/kg and 400 mg/kg body weight each day for 14 days following tumour inoculation. Following administration of the final dose and an 18-hour fast, the mice were killed. How Cleome Viscosa works on the development of transplantable murine tumour, Linn. methanolic extract and the life span of hosts harbouring Ehrlich ascites cancer was investigated current research.¹⁷packed cells, a considerable decrease in tumour volume Cleome viscosa Linn was found to increase cell volume and viable cell count. extracting methanol. Additionally, it lengthens the lives of mice with Ehrlich ascites carcinoma tumours. When mice were given extract, the Haematological profile was restored to levels that are roughly normal. Fromit was evident from the outcomes that Cleome viscosa Linn. was methanolic. significant anticancer effects are produced by the extract in mice having Ehrlich ascites carcinoma.¹⁸

Antifibrotic Activity:

The goal of the study was to assess the ethanolic extract of Cleome viscosa Linn's antifibrotic properties. Rats' hepatic fibrosis was induced using carbon tetrachloride. The level of liver hydroxyproline, thiobarbituric acid, and blood enzymes were measured to determine the degree of liver fibrosis. Thiobarbituric acid, serum enzymes, and hydroxyproline Following treatment of carbon tetrachloride, levels were increased and total platelet count was lowered.¹⁹Following treatment with two different doses of Cleome viscosa Linn. ethanolic extract, hydroxyproline level, thiobarbituric acid level, and serum enzyme level were all decreased. written by Cleome viscosa Linn. alcohol extract Following the treatment of carbon tetrachloride, which results in collagen deposition, liver weight that had previously grown was decreased. The results showed that Cleome viscosa Linn ethanolic extract works well as an antifibrotic medication.²⁰

Anticonvulsant Activity:

Maximal Electroshock-induced seizures were used in the study to gauge the anticonvulsant effect of Cleome viscosa Linn. seeds extract. Pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures (PTZ) test and the MES test. ethanolic seeds extract and aqueous seeds extract both shown significant efficacy in Convulsions brought on by MES and PTZ.²¹

Psychopharmacological Activity:

The effects of Cleome viscosa Linn. methanolic extract were examined for a variety of psychopharmacological actions in rats and mice, including general behaviour, exploratory behaviour, muscle relaxant activity, phenobarbitone-induced sleeping time, and effects on normal body temperature.²²Reduction decreased inquisitive behaviour during spontaneous activity by the Y-maze test, the head dip, and rota's diminution of the muscle relaxant rod, a screen that is 30 degrees angled, traction tests, and body lowering Following the ingestion of the extract, temperature was noted. Take out also significantly improves the effects of phenobarbital on sleep time. At a dosage of 200–400mg/kg, methanolic extract of Cleome viscosa Linn. demonstrated a clear psychopharmacological effect.²³

Wound Healing activity:

According to accepted practises, the quantitative measurement of phytochemicals was carried out in the current study. By incorporating petroleum ether extract, ethyl acetate extract, methanol extract, and aqueous extract into simple ointment base B.P. at concentrations of 0.5% (w/w), 1% (w/w), and 2% (w/w), researchers investigated the seeds of Cleome viscosa Linn for their ability to cure wounds.²³Excision wound model, incision wound model, and model based on biochemical parameter estimation were the three models utilised to assess the wound healing capability.The duration of wound contraction and epithelization was examined in the excision wound model. In an incision wound model, the estimated tensile strength and hydroxyproline content of the eschar were found. Column chromatography was used to create a chromatogram of a petroleum ether extract. A chemical that was identified by IR and 1H was isolated.^24-25

CONCLUSION:

In-depth research has been done on the phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Cleome viscose Linn. As was noted in the review, it is clear from the aforementioned explanation that Cleome viscosa Linn. has been utilised as a significant medicinal agent for a number of diseases.

The evaluation mentioned the biodiesel's utilisation of Cleome viscosa Linn. seeds oil. Also production. From plants, a variety of chemicals were identified that are in charge of its pharmaceutical operations.

The pharmacological studies done on CV have shown that its many chemical and aqueous extracts exhibit a variety of multifaceted pharma-

Cological actions such anthelmintics and antibiotics a pain reliever, an antipyretic, an anti-inflammatory Psychoactive, gastroprotective, and immunomodulatory Hepatoprotective, and pharmacological properties. The tree is also said to include a variety of chemical constituents. These substances may be used as leads. In the hunt for fresh pharmaceuticals. Salt of cro-one illustration of a mast cell stabiliser is moglycate. Lead made from synthetic analogues of naturally occurring Ammi Visnaga Lam was found to contain the furanochromone Khellin (Umbelliferae).With primary investigations now available, future research on CV should focus on determining the molecular mechanism(s) of action. isolated phytoprinciples employing particular biological techniques clinical trials, as well as to evaluate screening blead into a cover novel. Moreover, the research should be expanded to uniformly standardised the different CV extracts for the goal of their inclusion in particular herbal remedies:tions. The information provided here highlights the potential of the herbal remedy Cleome viscosa.

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Received on 23.01.2024 Modified on 18.02.2024

Asian J. Res. Pharm. Sci. 2024; 14(2):171-176.

DOI: 10.52711/2231-5659.2024.00027