A Review on Nanofiber for Topical Drug Delivery of Therapeutic Skin Disorder

Ankush Bhadane, S.D. Mankar

Pravara Rural College of Pharmacy, Pravaranagar A/P Loni – 413736, Tal –Rahata, Dist. – Ahmednagar.

*Corresponding Author E-mail: ankushbhadane7@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:

Nanofibers for topical drug Delivery of Therapeutic Skin Disorders are the Provide Physiological and Machincal Support to the underlying Cells and oragns any kind of damage and Infection can kind of damage and Infection can destroy this Protective layer. They also some skin disorders like. A Topic, dermaritis, Ichthyosis, Acne, Vitillgo etc. A Nanomaterial with one dimension under 100nm is called a nanofiber. They are the various Properties also include: thermal Properties, Mechanical, Physical are Properties are the include. Some drug loading Method also added like, Blend Elcetrospinning, Coaxial, Immobilizing after electrospinning are the method are loading metho use. And also the Manufacturing of Nanofiber are the added one of the Most Popular method. they also the Critical Parameter of Electrospinning Process like, Surface tension and Viscosity, Applied Voltage, Needle and Collector Distance are the Process include. Nanofiber are the using some various Material of Polymeric (1) Natural Polymers (2) Synthetic Polymers are using. they also some therapeutic application of Nanofiber(1) Nanofibers in wound healing and surgical (2) Nanofiber in treatment of fungal infection (3) Nanofiber in treatment of Acne. (3) Nanofiber in treatment of Skin Cancer. and last one added Electrospun Nanofiber as topical drug delivery system how to the added favourable some Characteristics.

KEYWORDS: Nanofiber, Natural, Synthetic, Acne, Atopic Dermatitis, Psoriasis.

INTRODUCTION:

The human body's outermost layer, the skin, acts as a barrier to defend against UV radiation, microbial diseases, and other dangers. The skin is made up of three layers: the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, each of which performs aparticular role and is ultimately responsible for preserving homeostasis. It provides physiological and mechanical support to the underlying cells and organs and prevents the entry of foreign substances.

Any kind of damage and infections can destroy this protective layer, causing redness, itchiness, and inflammation resulting in different skin conditions and autoimmue skin disorders like atopic dermatitis, ichthyosis, acne, scleroderma, epidermolysis bullosa, psoriasis, vitiligo, pemphigus, etc¹

Nanofiber:

Nanometer-scale diameter describes fibre. A nanomaterial with one dimension under 100 nm is called a nanofiber. To create nanofibers, a wide variety of polymers, including polyvinyl alcohol, gelatin, collagen, chitosan, and carboxymethylcellulose, can be spun using an electro method. Large specific surface area and tiny pore size are two of the distinguishing features of nanofibers. possibilities for managing apps for wound care. The production of nanofiber layers from various polymers, the incorporation of medications or growth factors into various nanofiber layers for wound care management are some advantages of nanofibers. Nanofibers' role in advanced wound care managements includes: a) exudate absorption; b) medication addition to the nanofibers; and c) displaying anti-adhesive activity. Nanofibers can also be utilised in medication delivery systems²

Fig.1: Nanofiber for topical delivery of therapeutic skin disorder.

Physical, Chemical, and Biological Techniques:

High energy radiations, mechanical pressure, electrical energy, or thermal energy are used in physical procedures to induce material melting, abrasion, evaporation, or condensation to create nanofibers. most prevalent instances of Mechanical milling, (x) physical vapour deposition, (x) laser ablation, (x), and spinning manufacturing processes are physical fabrication methods.

Chemical processes use chemical interactions between two or more species to create nanofibers. Such a chemical process can produce nanofibers either concurrently or as the result of an external force, such as high energy radiation, electrical energy, or thermal energy.

Biochemical reactions between nanofiber raw materials and bioactive species, such as bacteria or enzymes, can occur in biological processes whether there is an external force present, such as mechanical pressure, high-energy radiation, electrical energy, or thermal energy³

FABRICATION OF NANOFIBRES:

Drug Loading:

Fig 2 ;- Nanofiber for topical drug delivery

1) Drug as nanofiber-like particles connected to the surface of the carrier

2) The final result will consist of the two types of nanofibers interlaced together because the medication and carrier are both nanofiber-based.

3) When medication and carrier materials are combined into a single type of fibre that contains both elements,

4) The drug particles are enclosed inside tubular forms made from the carrier material by electrospinning⁴

Drug loading methods into nanofibers for skin applications:

Drug loading Method:

(1) Blend electrospinning

(2) Coaxial Electrospinning

(1) Blend Electrospinning:

The drug can be dissolved directly into the polymer solution if the drug and polymer are soluble in the same solvent. If the drug and polymer are not soluble in the same solvent, the drug can be Before being added to the polymer solution, the additive was solubilized in a tiny amount of another solvent. This technique involves embedding the medication into the generated nanofiber.

(2)Coaxial Electrospinning:

The two components are concurrently electrospun from different capillaries, coaxial electrospinning is a simple technique for electrospinning two immiscible polymer solutions containing pharmaceuticals in the core and sheath. The nanofibers may hold many medications, and each drug's release kinetics can be managed separately. A horizontal set of outer and inner needles that divides two distinct solutions is known as a co-axial needle. The drug loading effectiveness is greater compared to mix electrospinning, whereas the first burst release feature is lessened. Drug release happens after the polymer in the core swells or dissolves, causing holes to develop in the shell after the hydrophilic section of the core dissolves. It is possible to extend the sustained diffusion-controlled release of a delivery system by immobilising the active pharmaceutical ingredients on the polymeric chains. In this approach, the medication is taken up by the electrospun nanofibers by the nanofibers being submerged in a medication solution⁵

MANUFACTURE OF NANOFIBERS:

Polymers are processed in a distinctive way to create fibrous threads that range in size from micrometres to nanometers. A higher surface area to volume ratio Volume is created by manipulating the nanofibers' surfaces to create extremely fine structures that help trap molecules with high molecular weights, such as growth hormones, antibiotics, and different enzymes. One of the most popular methods for creating ultrafine fibres with special machinery and processing methods is the electrospinning process.

The Electrospinning Apparatus:

a) A high voltage electric gadget is used to change both positive and negative polarity.

b) A syringe pump included inside the device may transfer a solution from a syringe to a needle.

Depending on how the nanofibers need to be positioned over the collector, a rotatory drum or flat plate collector is frequently employed to create any desired shape.

The Electrospinning Process:

There are many factors which affect the electrospinning process as follows:

1) Surface tension and viscosity:

A solution of a polymer with a high molecular weight has greater viscosity than one with a low molecular weight. Since the solution cannot dry up at the needle's tip or cause any problems when being pumped through the needle, the polymer's molecular weight is essential. High surface tension helps to decrease solvent and polymer molecule interaction when the solution is charged. To create homogenous, smooth nanofibers, surfactants or solvents with low surface tension can still be applied.

2) Applied voltage:

Additionally crucial is the voltage that is given to the solution. The electrostatic force on the solution tends to overcome surface tension during the electrospinning process, which is aided by high voltage. Evidently, increased voltage results in more stretching and lower fibre diameters. It is anticipated that the jet would accelerate more slowly and have a weaker electric charge at lower voltages, which will lengthen the jet's flight period and help generate ultra-fine nanofibers.

Fig 4: Process of Electrospinning

3) Needle and collector distance:

The final nanofiber form is significantly influenced by the distance between the grounded collector and the needle. For instance, the length of the jet's journey is shortened if the tip and collector are closer together. As a result, the solvent cannot completely evaporate before it reaches the collector. The more space there is between the collector and tip, the longer the solution has to fly before the collector hits it, which allows for greater stretching. The electrostatic field intensity may have decreased as the distance between the tip and collector varied, changing the fiber's diameter^.6

Nanofiber scaffolds as a tool for loading of drug and skin delivery:

For skin regeneration, electrospinning techniques are used and tissue engineering, replicating the shape and size of the native ECM, and creating scaffolds out of collagen nanofibers. As shown in Table II, several varieties of scaffolds were created for tissue engineering, skin regeneration, and skin healing.

Because these scaffolds are used to regenerate, replace, and repair skin, they must be expertly manufactured and have similar dimensions. The creation of types I and III collagen scaffolds can thus imitate the characteristics of the natural collagen structure. Nanofibrous scaffolds that mimic the structure of biological tissues have been created using electrospinning⁷.

Natural polymeric materials for Nanofibers:

The benefit of being extremely close to, and frequently identical to, macromolecular components found in the human body is provided by polymers. The biological environment is as a result ready to recognise and interact well with natural polymers. Collagen, hyaluronic acid, gelatin, chitosan, elastin, silk, and wheat protein are a few examples of natural polymers that are employed as biomaterials⁸.

Synthetic polymeric materials for Nanofibers:

Natural polymers, as already indicated, have a number of advantageous qualities, including great biocompatibility, biodegradability, and low toxicity.

However, synthetic polymers have also demonstrated appealing features for use in biomedical applications, such as strong mechanical and physical characteristics with high chemical and thermal stability, customizable porosity, and long degradation times.⁹

THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS OF NANOFIBERS:

Nanofibers in Treatment of Acne:

Acne is a skin ailment that often affects the back and face but can also impact appearance and be accompanied by persistent inflammation of the sebaceous glands. 89,90 Propionibacterium acnes colonisation, high levels of androgen, the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and aberrant sebaceous gland keratinization are the causes of acne.

Atopic Dermatitis:

Atopic dermatitis (AD), often known as eczema, is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder that causes significant swelling, seeping in sufferers, itching, and redness

Psoriasis:

Psoriasis is a chronic, multi-factorial inflammatory skin illness characterised by hyperproliferative epidermal responses brought on by the growth and excessive activation of immature keratinocytes.

Vitiligo:

To treat this specific ailment, a topical methoxsalen-loaded hydrogel with an ethosome basis was created. The dermal and epidermal layers of the skin were increasingly more permeable as ethosomal formulation accumulated. In light of the formulation's enhanced methoxsalen percutaneous penetration, vitiligo therapy options are now possible.¹⁰

ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS:

Electrospinning is the most widely used method for producing nanofibers because of its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, scalability, adaptability, and range of material spinning. depicts the electrospnning method of making fibre. A metal collecting plate, a syringe with a tiny needle known as a spinneret, and a high-voltage source are the three main elements of the electrospinning system^.[11] When the electrostatic force is applied to solutions or melts, electrospinning results in fibres with sizes ranging from nanometer to micrometre scale. A high voltage power supply (often in the kV range), a syringe with a metallic needle, and a grounded collector (solid substrate or liquid media) make up a typical electrospinning system^.[12]

CONCLUSION:

Nanofibers for topical drug delivery of therapeutic skin disorders are the various Mechanical and physiological cells and organ are the damage and infection of skin layer. Nanofibre are the drug loading method using various polymer like, synthetic natural polymer . and the added various treatment by using nanofiber, acne atopic darmatiris, psoriasis, vitiligo are the treatment.

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Received on 24.07.2023 Modified on 15.08.2023

Asian J. Res. Pharm. Sci. 2023; 13(4):338-342.

DOI: 10.52711/2231-5659.2023.00058