INTRODUCTION:

Sugar molecules are arranged in rings of varying diameters to form cyclodextrins. A series of cyclic oligomers known as cyclodextrins (CDs) are produced by the enzymatic digestion of starch. They are homogeneous, crystalline, non-hygroscopic, and contain hydrophobic inner cavities and hydrophilic exteriors. They also have comparable architectures. applications for various drug administration methods, including oral, sublingual, buccal, ophthalmic, nasal, transdermal, rectal, pulmonary, and parenteral There are three types of cyclodextrins: -cyclodextrin, -cyclodextrin, and -cyclodextrin, which contain six, seven, and eight -1, 4-glycosidic linkages, respectively. In order to increase the bioavailability of poorly soluble medications, cyclodextrins make them more water soluble. CD can be purchased as white powdered sugar. Starch, which is found in large quantities in many plants, including corn and potatoes, is used to make CDs¹.Starch molecules can be conceptualised as spirals at a very fundamental level. They are made up of linked together glucose molecules.

Different enzymes that act as natural catalysts for metabolic events can separate these starch spirals.²Enzymes are present in large quantities in all living cells. This particular enzyme's active site is seen to enclose the spiral-shaped end of the starch chain. The enzymes remove a full coil from the spiral, and after joining the two ends, a ring comprised of seven glucose units is produced. It is also feasible to create two additional cyclodextrins from beta cyclodextrin using different types of enzymes: alpha CD with 6 glucose units and gamma CD with 7 glucose units.¹The more glucose units bound together greater will be the diameter. Let's examine the molecules of beta cyclodextrin in more detail to learn about their structure and determine their qualities. The ball and stick model's cyclic structure is the first thing we observed, and upon closer inspection, we can discern seven identical construction blocks. This is alpha-d glucose; it serves as the foundation for the starch spiral. When viewed from above, it is simple to see that the molecule is cyclic. It looks like acidic bombs, and the numerous CH groups make the interior of the ring more lipophilic, as shown by the yellow area. Meanwhile, the lower edges of the molecule contain hydroxy groups, which make the blue area hydrophilic.²Thus, CD can interact with other lipophilic and hydrophilic drug. They can also enclose other molecules in their cavity it is this combination of properties that make cyclodextrin more versatile.

PROPERTIES OF CYCLODEXTRINS:

Selectively Cyclodextrin is still produced commercially from starch through enzymatic digestion using certain enzymes. These three cyclodextrins are non-hygroscopic, homogenous, and crystalline in composition.²Selective, or -cyclodextrin is still produced commercially from starch through enzymatic digestion using certain enzymes. These three cyclodextrins are non-hygroscopic, crystalline, and homogenous in composition.²It has a white colour. virtually smell less Powdery Fine Crystals with a Slightly Sweet Taste It is inert chemically. The majority of organic solvents are insoluble in cyclodextrin but soluble in water. They are stable both physically and chemically.

RATIONALE OF CYCLODEXTRIN

The benefits of CDs include increased hydrophobic drug solubility, increased heat resistance, increased oxidation resistance, increased bioavailability, increased hydrolysis resistance, decreased enzymatic drug degradation, and decreased gastrointestinal irritability. The inclusion complexation mechanism. Occlusion compounds are another name for inclusion complexes. It is a form of complex in which one of its constituent parts is imprisoned in a cage-like crystal structure with an open lattice.

TYPES OF CYCLODEXTRIN:

· In nature, the enzymatic digestion of starch by cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase produces a mixture of cyclodextrins comprised of 6, 7 and 8 glucose units (α, β and γ cyclodextrin, respectively.¹

· Cyclodextrins are still commercially producing from starch by enzymatic digestion, specific enzymes are used to produce selective α, β or γ-cyclodextrin. These three cyclodextrins are crystalline, homogeneous, no hygroscopic in nature.²

· The differing number of glucose units leads to slight differences in conformational structure, flexibility and size of the ring in terms of diameter.

· While all three major cyclodextrins are water soluble, solubility is differing from one another, these differences result in higher exposure of hydrogen bonding and higher water solubility for γ and α–cyclodextrins than β-cyclodextrin.³

α- CYCLODEXTRIN:

● 6 membered sugar ring molecules

● Relatively irritating after I.M Injection

● Binds Lipids

β- CYCLODEXTRIN:

● 7 membered sugar ring molecules

● Less Irritating than Cyclodextrin after I.M Injection.

● Binds Cholesterol

γ- CYCLODEXTRIN:

● 8 membered sugar ring molecules

● 0.1% absorption after oral administration.

Fig no 1

Fig no 2

CYCLODEXTRIN DERIVATIVES: -

Cyclodextrin derivatives can be made through enzymatic or chemical processes. This derivatization's primary goal could be:³

1. To increase the CD derivative's and its inclusion complexes' solubility

2. To decrease the visitor's reactivity and movement while simultaneously stabilising the CD and its guest and improving the fitting and/or association between the two.³

3. Adding particular groups to the binding location (e.g., in enzyme modelling).

4. To create polymers that are insoluble and immobilised CD-containing structures (for chromatographic applications)⁴

Table no 1

Cyclodextrins	Examples of CD-enhanced solubility and dissolution
-Cclodextrin	Praziquantel
β-Cclodextrin	Piroxicam, nimesulide, lorazepam, ketoprofen, praziquantel, chlorthalidone, itraconazole, ibuprofen, griseofulvin
Dimethyl- -cyclodextrin (DM- β- CD)	Naproxen, Camptothesin
Random methyl- β -cyclodextrin	Tacrolimus
Hydroxypropyl- β- cyclodextrin (HP- β-CD)	Griseofulvin, albendazole, levemopamil HCl, sulfomethiazole, itraconazole, ketoprofen, carbamazepine, Zolpidem
γ -CD	Omeprazole, Digoxin, Praziquantel
Cyclodextrine	Examples of CD-enhanced stability
β-Cclodextrin	Glibenclamide, Diclofenac sodium, Flutamide, Atorvastatin Calcium
Hydroxypropyl- β- (HP - β- CD)	Promethazine, Quinaril, Doxorubicin, Rutin, paclitaxel, Spiranolactone
SBE -β -CD	Spiranolactone, melphalan and carmustine
γ-CD	DIGOXIN

MECHANISM OF INCLUSION COMPLEX FORMATION:

The inclusion of hydrophobic compounds occurs primarily through hydrophobic interactions between the guest molecules and the walls of the cyclodextrin cavity, which are non-polar and located inside cyclodextrins. However, other forces that are also involved in the binding of the guest include van der Walls and dipole-dipole interactions. Even though there are many distinct factors and forces at play during the complexation process with cyclodextrins, putting the complexes together is usually a simple process. There are a number of approaches to create cyclodextrin-guest complexes, depending on the characteristics of the guest and the type of cyclodextrin selected.⁴

Fig no 3

INCLUSION COMPLEX FORMATION:

1. Kneading method

2. Co precipitation method

3. Co precipitation method based on Phase Solubility

4. Heating in a Sealed Container

5. Freeze Drying or Lyophilization

6. Spray Drying

1. KNEADING METHOD:

It is suitable for poorly soluble guests because the guest is slowly dissolved as the complex is being formed. Although it offers an incredibly good yield of inclusion formation, it is not appropriate for large-scale preparation. The cyclodextrin suspension is first added to a liquid or dissolved solid guest and mixed (in a mortar), after which the paste is dried. The resulting solid is dried under vacuum after being washed with a very small amount of solvent to remove the free particle's adsorbate from the cyclodextrin surface. There have been reports of complex cyclodextrin production during the encapsulation of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.⁵

2. CO-PRECIPITATION METHOD: -

The co-precipitation method is useful for non-water soluble materials. Due to the competitive inhibition of the organic solvents utilised as the precipitant, this approach produces poor yields. The visitor is dissolved in organic solvents (such chloroform, aromatic hydrocarbon, and inhalation general anaesthetic, among others), and the appropriate amount of cyclodextrin is dissolved in water and mixed with agitation. the solution cools and complex crystals form. The crystals are cleaned with an organic solvent before being baked at 50 degrees. NSAID and trans-anethole have both been capsuled using the co-precipitation approach in the past (major element of anise and fennel essential oils)⁵

3. CO PRECIPITATION METHOD BASED ON PHASE SOLUBILITY:

The solid inclusion complex can be recovered from the saturated solution using the co-precipitation method. Due to the high amounts of water and lengthy preparation process, it is also inappropriate for large-scale preparations. The amounts of host and guest usage are calculable using the phase-solubility diagrams of the Bachelor of Science variety (no additional unmelted guest and cyclodextrin area unit still among its solubility limit). Cyclodextrin and the visitor were dissolved in the situation and gently chilled. Filtration separates the precipitate inclusion powder, which is then dried.⁶

4. HEATING IN A SEALED CONTAINER:

A physical mixture of the active chemical and the host molecule is sealed in a device after vapour is taken up exactly. The device is then heated to a temperature ranging from 43°C to 142°C to produce a crystalline inclusion compound. This technique can be employed for thermostable volatile substances and is also carried out under N force per unit area.⁶

5. FREEZE-DRYING OR LYOPHILIZATION:

The drying up method is suitable for soluble or brittle guests. Water is stirred while the guest molecule and the specified amount of cyclodextrin dissolve. The solution is freeze-dried, and the resulting powder is cleaned with an organic solvent before being dried under vacuum. This procedure can produce a very intelligent yield of inclusion complex and it can be divided. In comparison to other readily available approaches, drying up technique has been widely used for the creation of cyclodextrin inclusion complexes, particularly hydroxypropyl—cyclodextrin, which is water soluble. Hydroxypropyl—cyclodextrin is used to encapsulate a variety of essential oils and their purified main active components.⁶

6. SPRAY DRYING:

Deionized water is used to dissolve the cyclodextrin and guest molecule before the mixture is spray-dried. The ideal parameters, including inlet temperature and sample feeding rate, are used to run the spray dryer. This method is only employed for compounds that can withstand temperatures between 50 and 70°C.⁶

● INCLUSION COMPLEX FORMATION CONFIRMATION:

It can be confirmed by studying the interaction between a guest molecule and cyclodextrin using various techniques.⁷

1. Ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy

2. Phase Solubility.

3. Differential Scanning Calorimetry

4. Polarimetry

5. NMR

6. FTIR

1. UV: Cyclodextrin complex production can occasionally alter the visitor's initial visible or UV absorption spectra (a shift or band broadening). [28] examined the inclusion complex formation of -caryophyllene with -cyclodextrin using a UV-vis spectrophotometer. After the samples had been diluted in ethanol, the spectra of the physical mixture of -cyclodextrin and -caryophyllene as well as the spectra of -caryophyllene were determined, with the maximum absorption wavelength (max) at 205nm. In ethanol, -cyclodextrin did not absorb UV light, and the inclusion complex's absorption peak was likewise not visible.

2. PHASE SOLUBILITY: The existence of an analogous complex in the crystalline form is not guaranteed by the persistence of an inclusion complex in solution. Therefore, it is important to evaluate whether the powder produced by inclusion complexation is an actual inclusion complex or merely a physical amalgamation of the molecules of the guest and cyclodextrin. Due to the formation of soluble complexes between the dissolved cyclodextrin and the guest molecule, the restrictedly soluble organic compounds frequently enhance their water solubility in the presence of cyclodextrins. The complex type's stability is defined by its stability⁷

3. DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY (DSC): -Indirectly employing DSC, the inclusion complex will be verified by comparing the thermal stability of the free component with that of the encapsulated type. The chemicals and the physical mixture will both exhibit an endothermic peak at their intended freezing point or boiling point, but the complex will not. [19,35] employed the DSC technique to characterise the formation of inclusion complexes of -cyclodextrin with essential oils from cinnamon and clove. It is possible to assume that the exothermal peaks at about 265°C and 260°C are the result of the reaction or oxidation of trans cinnamaldehyde and eugenol of cinnamon and essential oil, respectively.The absence of inclusion complex peaks in the thermogram of the studied essential oils with -cyclodextrin indicates that the active components were kept safe inside the -cyclodextrin cavity. Due to melting and thermal degradation of the -cyclodextrin itself, the exothermal peaks for the -cyclodextrin sample are about 300 °C.⁷

4. FTIR: - The spectra of inclusion complexes show nearly identical properties to pure β-cyclodextrin, making them very useful tools to indicate the presence of both guest and host molecules in inclusion complexes. This suggests that an inclusion complex was formed. This is from Li et al. discovered. Moreover, in his FTIR spectrum of the inclusion complex, the broad radical band of pure β-cyclodextrin was found to be narrowed at 3370.7272. This could be a logical indicator of inclusion complex formation. This is a common development observed by many researchers in the synthesis of inclusion complexes between β-cyclodextrin (host) and guest molecules.⁸

Fig no 4

CYCLODEXTRINS IN DRUG DELIVERY:

Cyclodextrins in the pharmaceutical industry: Pharmaceutical companies are currently using cyclodextrins to improve the water solubility, stability and bioavailability of labile and poorly soluble drugs. In combination with lipophilic active moieties, cyclodextrins produce hydrophilic inclusion complexes. Drug molecules in cyclodextrin-bound inclusion complexes in aqueous solution are in dynamic equilibrium with free drug molecules. As a result, cyclodextrins improve the water solubility of drugs without altering the extent to which drugs naturally permeate lipophilic membranes.¹⁰

1. Oral Drug Delivery: The impact of cyclodextrins on oral drug absorption (BCS) has been described in the context of biopharmaceutical systems. Category I BCS drugs possess convenient lipophilicity that allows them to cross tissue layers and reasonable binary compound solubility that allows them to readily cross diffusion layers of binary compounds.¹¹

Generally, hydrophilic cyclodextrins do not appear to improve the bioavailability of advanced medicines. Cyclodextrins are used to facilitate drug absorption, reduce natural drug sensitivities, and mask styles. BCS Category II drugs have high porosity and limited solubility of binary compounds. It results in oral absorption limited by dissolution rate. Permeation of the binary compound into the diffusion layer adjacent to the tissue layer surface also moves slowly because the binary compound is poorly soluble in the binary compound.¹²

Fig no 5

1.A ORAL IMMEDIATE RELEASE DOSAGE FORMS:

Immediate release oral dosage form CD improves water solubility and oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs such as cardiac glycosides, antiepileptics, benzodiazepines, antidiabetics and vasodilators. widely used for These improvements are primarily attributed to increased drug solubility and wettability due to inclusion complex formation. Complexation of β-CD with imidazole antifungal agents such as ketoconazole and econazole improves solubility and enhances bioavailability. Cyclodextrin and its derivatives such as HP-β-CD and randomly methylated β-CD are used to improve the solubility, stability and bioavailability of atorvastatin calcium.¹³

Fig no 6

1. B DELAYED RELEASE DOSAGE FORMS:

· Horikawa et al. studied the release of the water-soluble drug molsidomine, is an orally active, long-acting vasodilating agent from the tablets of CMEβ-CD complex using male beagle dogs with controlled gastric acidity. Under high gastric acidity, molsidomine absorption was significantly retarded compared to low gastric acidity conditions.

· The delayed absorption effect under high gastric acidity was more pronounced under fasted conditions

Fig no 7

2. SUBLINGUAL AND BUCCAL DRUG DELIVERY:

· Sublingual drug delivery is one of the most efficient ways to bypass hepatic first-pass metabolism.

· In the sublingual method, the drug dissolves in the mucosa and enters the systemic circulation.

· Fast-dissolving drug conjugates and CDs are suitable for sublingual or buccal administration to avoid first-pass hepatic metabolism. ¹³

· But in order to enter the systemic circulation, the drug must dissolve in saliva.

· Due to the small amount of saliva in the mouth, therapeutic doses need to be relatively low and solubility enhancers usually need to be included in the formulation.

Fig no 8

3. OCULAR DRUG DELIVERY:

· In ocular delivery drug administration in the form of topically applied low viscosity aqueous eye drops.

· Ophthalmic irritation is a common drawback in ophthalmic drug development and in their clinical use.

· CDs are generally included in the ocular formulations to decrease the irritation

· effect of ophthalmic drugs by forming inclusion complexes.

· HP-β-CD is the most commonly used CDs in aqueous eye drop formulations. Numerous studies in animals as well as in human beings have shown that

· HP-β-CD is well tolerated in aqueous solutions, even at high concentrations as much as 45%.

· Application of one drop of aqueous eye drop solution containing 18% HPβ-CD to humans, three times a day for 28 days, was well tolerated in the eye.¹⁴

Fig no 9

4. NASAL DRUG DELIVERY:

· The nasal route is one of the effective ways to bypass the hepatic first-pass metabolism.

· Drugs of highly lipophilic in nature are difficult to deliver through the nasal route due to their poor aqueous solubility.

· High molecular weight hydrophilic drugs like peptides and proteins show poor nasal absorption.

· Administration of lipophilic drugs such as steroidal hormones estradiol and progesterone along with CDs has shown rapid absorption, this may be due to formation of inclusion complexation with cyclodextrins

· The estradiol nasal spray Aerodiol® (Servier) represents the successful use of cyclodextrins in nasal applications; each spray delivers 70 μL of solution, which contains 150 μg of estradiol dissolved in aqueous RM-β-CD solution.¹⁴

Fig no 10

CYCLODEXTRIN APPLICATIONS:

· Due to CDs biodegradability, biocompatibility, and versatility, their industrial applications are very varied. biological analysis, and in dyes and cosmetics.

· Many of these applications are possible because of the ability of CDs to form stable complexes with many types of molecules.

· This will be emphasized throughout the remainder of this section

· Cyclodextrins can be used to protect compounds against the effects of light, heat, and oxygen. Volatility of compounds can be reduced to give increased shelf life and reduced release of compounds into the environment.¹²

CASE STUDIES:

1. Rohan R. Vakhariya, S. M. Kumbhar, R. B. lade, P. S. Salunkhe, R. H. Ubale. Dissolution Rate Enhancement of Ramipril by Solid Dispersion Technique. The study demonstrated that ramipril's solubility was enhanced when it was mixed with appropriate water-soluble carriers, such as ß-cyclodextrin, hydroxypropyl cellulose, or a combination of both polymers. In contrast, the 1:2 (drug:polymer) ratio of ß-cyclodextrin and hydroxypropyl cellulose in all water-soluble carriers offered the best results from solid dispersion. It was clearly demonstrated by an in-vitro investigation that making a solid ramipril dispersion with ß-cyclodextrin and hydroxypropyl cellulose increased the drug's rate of dissolution. Ramipril solid dispersions including ß-cyclodextrin and hydroxypropyl cellulose offer a potentially effective technique to increase the drug's solubility and rate of dissolution.

2. Kamisetti R Rajeswari, VinithaBrungi, S. Bennuru, Sr. Cheeli, RM. Gupta Vankadari. Studies on the development of Orally Disintegrating Tablets of Irbesartan Irbesartan, a BCS class II medication that is poorly soluble, can be made into orally disintegrating tablets, where the release can be improved by employing super disintegrants as sodium starch glycolate and by forming inclusion complex with ß-cyclodextrin. ODT are chosen for many medications due to their advantages such as drug release in the salivary environment and avoiding hepatic metabolism, which may boost bioavailability and rapid commencement of action. Sucralose can be added as a safe and suggested sweetener in the ODT formulations, which may further improve the patients' compliance, it was also determined.

3. Sunakar Panda, Swapna Sankar Nayak. Inclusion Complexes of Acridone and Its Semicarbazone Derivative With β- Cyclodextrin: - A Thermodynamic, Spectral and Antimicrobial Study It is evident from the results and discussions that inclusion complex creation with -CD, a highly useful analytical tool for increasing the bioavailability of medications, can be used to increase the solubility of acridone and its derivatives. These complexes can be studied to learn more about the non-covalent intermolecular forces that hold the "host - guest" molecules together. Such complexes can arise as a result of the negative DG, DH, and DS values. Nowadays, a lot of medications are stabilised using cyclodextrins20. Acridone and its derivatives have antibacterial properties that can be strengthened even further by creating inclusion complexes

4. Patil GB, Deshmukh PK, Belgamwar VS. Studies on Occlusion Complexes of Aceclofenac with β-Cyclodextrin and Hydroxypropyl -β- Cyclodextrin.The current studies show that AC and cyclodextrins can form occlusion complexes. The solubility and dissolving parameters of AC were found to be greatly improved after complexation with cyclodextrins. In order to increase AC's absorption and bioavailability, as well as its rate of dissolution, HPCD is a great complexing agent for AC.

5. Manoj M Nitalikar, Dinesh M. Sakarkar. Formulation and evaluation of topical gel of Meloxicam with Beta-Cyclodextrin complex. Research J. Pharm. and Tech 6(7): July 2013 Meloxicam's dissolution profile was enhanced by complexation with β -CD using the kneading process. This complex, which has a drug to complex ratio of 1:2, has improved the drug release profile. Complex's physicochemical characteristics allowed for gel formation. The homogeneity of gel formulations made with carbopol 940 and HPMC E-6 was excellent. Although the carbopol 940 based gel (formulation DCG-2) had the largest percentage of drug content, drug release, and good rheological qualities, it ultimately proved to be the formula of choice. The inclusion complex improved the in vitro release of Meloxicam from gel.

6. Venkatesh, Anand Kumar Y, C. MallikarjunaSetty. Preparation and Evaluation of Nateglinide-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2018; 11(3): 1017-1022. doi: 10.5958/0974-360X.2018.00190.7Nateglinide and HPCD were found to be complexed 1:1M by NT- HPCD inclusion complex in solution state as determined by physicochemical analysis. Both kneaded and microwave-irradiated inclusion complexes showed a genuine inclusion of NT with HPCD at 1:1 and 1:2 M, which was validated by FTIR, DSC, and powder XRD investigations. NT-HPCD inclusion complexes have better dissolution characteristics than pure NT. Comparing the microwave irradiation approach to the kneaded system, physical mixes, and the pure medication Nateglinide, it was shown to have better dissolving qualities overall. Thus, it can be inferred from the research that complexing NT with cyclodextrin can increase its water solubility and rate of dissolution.

7. Siva Prasad Sunkara, VidyadharaSuryadevara, Sowjanya Lakshmi Bathula, Sandeep Doppalapudi, Pavan Kumar Padarthi, ViswanadhKunam. Formulation and Evaluation of Candesartan Cilexetil Fast Dissolving Tablets using Inclusion ComplexesIt can be inferred that by making Candesartan into solid dispersions with β-cd, it is feasible to speed up the drug's slow rate of dissolution. When compared to pure drug and the other two ways for creating solid dispersions, the co-evaporation method showed rapid drug release.

8. P. R. Mahaparale, V. P. Thorat. Enhancement of Solubility of Leflunomide with -cyclodextrin inclusion complexation Phase solubility measurements indicate that Leflunomide and -CD can form a 1:1 molar combination (AL type curve). In comparison to the medication alone, all complexes demonstrated increased saturation solubility and dissolution. A reduction in the product's crystallinity and the formation of an inclusion complex in the solid state, both of which were supported by an XRD study, have been attributed to the improvement in dissolution profiles. The fastest dissolution profile (T90 = 29min) and maximum solubility enhancement were seen in inclusion complexes of medication made with - CD by kneading process.

FUTURE PERSPECTIVE:

· CDs and their derivatives have an extensive diversity of uses in various fields (food, cosmetics, and drugs), but especially in the food industry and, thus, their use have increased in recent years.

· Furthermore, by using this technology, sensorial qualities can be improved, and microbiological contaminants can be avoided.

· In addition, due to their low toxicity, they can be applied without risk to human health, not only resulting in healthier and more functional products, but also less perishable.

· CDs biodegradability and biocompatibility give them superior properties for medical applications mainly in drug delivery and the cosmetics industry.

· We believe that several research areas will continue to conduct further investigation of the synthesis of new cyclodextrin derivatives, and will reveal novel applications of these important molecules.

CONCLUSIONS:

· The conclusion from the above review is that CD’s have wide scope in future pharma industry. It can be used in various novel technology for the development of new product.

· The development of nanoparticles, liposomes, noisome can used CD’s for improving the bioavailability, enhancing the solubility, and also the stability of the formulation.

· Thus, the use of CD’s and their application in various industries and technology are important. The use of Cyclodextrin and its derivative in various dosage form can be studied easily.

· The Future scope of CD’s are it is the application to give better stability to the product by theuse of its derivative in the formulation.

· There is a consistent rise in the use of CD’s and it derivative in the Pharma Industry.

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2. Rohan R. Vakhariya, S. M. Kumbhar, R. B. lade, P. S. Salunkhe, R. H. Ubale. Dissolution Rate Enhancement of Ramipril by Solid Dispersion Technique. Asian J. Pharm. Res. 2020; 10(1):08-12. doi: 10.5958/2231-5691.2020.00002.7

3. Kamisetti R Rajeswari, VinithaBrungi, S. Bennuru, Sr. Cheeli, RM. Gupta Vankadari. Studies on the development of Orally Disintegrating Tablets of Irbesartan. Asian J. Pharm. Res. 2020; 10(1):01-07. doi: 10.5958/2231-5691.2020.00001.5

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Received on 23.08.2022 Modified on 17.10.2022

Asian J. Res. Pharm. Sci. 2023; 13(2):111-118.

DOI: 10.52711/2231-5659.2023.00021