INTRODUCTION:

It is woodley climbing Shrub native to India. The botanical description of plant tells that which stream is grey or creamy or white which deeply cleft spirally and longitudinaly also space is present which supported by a large rosset-like lenticles. When its surface is Get cut it quickly as humans’ yellow tint when comes in contact with air. The wood is usually soft, white and porous. The nature of flowers are small and unisexual. In flower 6 sepals are and into whorls of three each¹. In India Tinospora cordifolia is known by different regional names which includes-

1) Tippa-teega (Telugu)

2)Shindilakodi (Tamil)

3)Amruthu Chittamruhu (Malyalam)

4)Amrutha balli (Kannada)

5)Rasakinda (Sinhala)

6)Gurcha (Hindi)

7)Garo (Gujrati)

8)Guluchi (Oriya)².

Many modern medicines i.e digitalis, vinblastine, aspirin, quinine and Paracetamol had their origin from the natural compounds of medicinal plants viz, Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea), Madagascar Periwinkle (Vinca rosea), Quinine bark (Cinchona officinalus)³. The therapeutic properties of medicinal plants are attributed owing the presence of active substances i,e alkaloids, flavonoids, glycoside, vitamins, tannins and coumarins⁴ .

PLANT PROFILE:

Kingdom: Plantae – Plants

Subkingdom: Tracheophyta –Vascular Plants

Super- division: Spermatophyta-Seed bearing plants

Division: Magnoliophyta-Flowering

Class: Magnoliopsia-Dicotiledons

Subclass: Polypeptalae-Petals are free

Series: Thalamiflorae-Many stamens and flower hypogynous

Order: Ranunculales

Family: Menispermaceae-The Moonsee family

Tribe: Tinosporeace

Genus: Tinospora

Species: cordifolia

TRADITIONAL USES:

The above table shows the detailed description about traditional uses of Tinospora cordifolia at different regions. In Thai folk remedies Tinospora cordifolia is and main ingredient. For a wide variety of the health alignment it is regularly used by communities of China.In China it is commonly used to treat broises, septicemia, fever, fracture, scabies and tropical ulcer related disorders⁵. Also for numerous therapeutic purpose like diabetes, hypertension, stimulation of appetite and protection from mosquito bite it is used as wide range in Malaysia⁶.

MEDICINAL USES:

1) For treatment of cancer the Powder of stem and root is used along with milk⁷.

2)For the Treatment of Jaundice and rheumatism it's dried fruit powder used in the form of tonic by mixing with ghee or honey.⁸

CHEMICAL CONSTITUTENTS:

The chemical constituents of Tinospora cordifolia contain different types of class such as glycosides, alkaloids, steroids, aliphatic compound, phenolics, polysaccharide. leaves contains much more protein (11.2%) calcium and phosphorous⁹.

1)TERPENOIDS-Tinosporide, Furanolactone diterpene, Furanolactone clerodane diterpene, furanoid diterpene, Tinosporaside, ecdysterone makisterone and several glucosides isolated as poly acetate, phenylpropene disaccharides cordifolioside A, B and C, cordifoliside D and E, Tinocordioside, cordioside, palmatosides C and F, Sesquiterpene glucoside tinocordifolioside, Sesquiterpene. ^10-11

2) ALKALOIDS-Tinosporine, (S), Magnoflorine, (S), Berberine, (S), Choline, (S), Jatrorrhizine, (S), 1,2-Substituted pyrrolidine(S), Alkaloids, viz. jatrorrhizine, palmatine, beberine, tembeterine, choline.^12-13

3) LIGNANS-3(a,4-dihydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl),(S)¹⁴

4) STEROIDS-Giloinsterol, (S), ß-Sitosterol, (S), 20a- Hydroxy ecdysone, (S).^15-16

METHOD USED FOR BIOACTIVE COMPOUND EXTRACTION, ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION: 5 gram powder of each stem and leaf of Tinospora cordifolia (Wild.) Hook. f. and Thomson was soaked in 50 mL of methanol solvent in an orbital shaker at 37°C 120 rpm for 3 days. After that, the extracts were filtered with the help of Waltman No. 1 and solvent was evaporated in an incubator at 37°C to get the syrupy consistency, then 25% DMSO (Dimethyl sulphoxide) was added and after that the extracts were kept in a refrigerator at 0°C to determine the antioxidant activity¹⁷. Stems of Tinospora cordifolia were dried under shade for 7–10 days and pulverized using an electric grinder. Firstly, dried sample was extracted with solvent of methanol and acetone in the ratio of 70 : 30 (4000 mL × 4 cycles) at 40°C for 16 hours in soxhlet apparatus.

SOXHLET EXTRACTION:

The 20 g powder of dried stems of Tinospora cordifolia was placed in thimble holder. About 300 mL of ethanol was filled in the flask. The thimble was clogged with cotton in order to avoid transfer of sample particles to the distillation flask. The drug was extracted with ethanol in soxhlet apparatus for 3 h. The ethanolic extract was filtered and concentrated on rotaevaporator to give the ethanolic extract. Percentage yield of extract was calculated. An arabinogalactan has been isolated from the dried stems and examined by methylation analysis, partial hydrolysis and carboxyl reduction. Purified polysaccharide showed polyclonal mitogenic activity against B-cells; their proliferation did not require macrophages¹⁷.

PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY:

some useful pharmacological aspects of Tinospora cordifolia is mentioned below briefly

1) Anti cancer/ Anti tumor activity:

The plant guduchi have anticancer property. The radioprotective property is well characterized by this plant as it increase in weight of various tissue and also body weight it also protects from Gamma radiation (Sab Lethal range) radiated on testes of mice (Swiss Albino). The hydroalcoholic extract of roots of Gilloy on exposure to liver as well as extrahepatic organ of mice at 50 and 100 MG/KG body weight shows increasing GSH (glutathione) level and other metabolism in enzyme. Also decrease in production of malonaldehyde (MLD) level represents a decrease in free radical formation providing and antioxidative state of cell¹⁸.

2) ANTI TOXIN ACTIVITY:

Tinospora cordifolia has reported to reverse the toxicity caused by aflatoxin in kidney. Where it substantially elevates the hormone level and enzyme activities and decrease the ROS. This antitoxin activity is originated from the alkaloid of the plant¹⁹.

3) ANTI DIABETIC ACTIVITY:

The stem extract of Gilloy reported to have antidiabetic potential by enhancing the insulin efficiency through its secretion of Beta pancreatic sale and promoting various antidiabetic pathway like inhibiting glucose formulation by enhancing glycogenesis and by decreasing the endogenous glucose²⁰.

4) IMMUNOMODULATORY ACTIVITY:

The stem of Tinospora cordifolia alters the level of enzyme like catalyst and stimulates lymphocyte cells maintaining the immune strength does has most effect to email a protective role of this Shrub. Tinospora cordifolia also increase the phagocytic activity of macrophages. It also stimulates splenocytes and macrophages due to enhancing nitric oxide production signifying antitumor and email of protective activity²¹.

5) ANTI MICROBIAL ACTIVITY:

The active chemical compounds found in stem of Tinospora cordifolia found to be effective against bacteria like E faecalis and bacillus subtilis and fungus like T simmi and T rubrum²².

6) ANTI OXIDANT ACTIVITY:

The polysaccharide compound named 'Arabinogalactan' which derived from Tinospora cordifolia shows protection against free radicals indicates East antioxidant action²³.

7) ANTI HIV ACTIVITY:

The Gilloy significantly enhances phagocytic and intracellular bacteria activity it stimulates peritoneal macrophages furthermore tinospora cordifolia increases phagocytosis and intracellular killing property. IT specially stimulates B-lymphocytes, Polymorph, nuclear leucocyte and macrophages.²⁴

8) ANTI OSTEOPOROTIC ACTIVITY:

It also take part in process of calcification by producing minerals by this bone forming cells models regulate the bone mineralization²⁵.

9) ANTI STRESS ACTIVITY:

Ethanolic extract of Tinospora cordifolia at dose of 100Mg/kg exhibited significant anti stress activity in all the parameters study compared with diazepam at dose of 2.5 MG/KG²⁶.

10) ANTI ULCER ACTIVITY:

Ethanol extract of root of tinospora cordifolia was observed to induce a marked protect to action against restraint stress induced ulcer digestion the activity was compared with diazepam²⁷.

11) MENTAL DISORDERS:

The BR-16A is the herbal psychotropic preparation of tinospora cordifolia was investigated in short-term memory parody things in mice. The BR 16A has nootropic action involving cholinergic and Gabanergic modulation²⁸.

12) URAEMIA:

Tinospora cordifolia has role in uremia elected. It significantly decrease blood urea level in urine dogs and patients²⁹.

13) LIVER DIORDERS:

Tinospora cordifolia is able to aggregate the acute damage. It was proved to be effective in preventing fibrous changes and promoting regeneration by Paranchymal tissue³⁰.

CONCLUSION:

Tinospora cordifolia being a resourceful plant constitute innumerable biologically active compounds that have been reported to have a therapeutic potential. There are reports in pharmacological and clinical studies which validate the curative and remedial role of this plant to comabat different ailments. The different bioactive compounds including alkaloids, steroids, glycosides, sesquiterpenoids etc found to have potential application especially as immunomodulator and anti-oxidant agent. The various studies that have been conducted on Tinospora cordifolia reveals that it is an excellent drug and does not have any adverse or toxic effects till now. Overall, this review gives information about the classical anti-toxin, antidiabetic, anticancer, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial activity of Tinospora cordifolia and can be used for further research investigations in development of novel drug.

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Received on 25.02.2022 Modified on 21.04.2022

Asian J. Res. Pharm. Sci. 2022; 12(3):195-198.

DOI: 10.52711/2231-5659.2022.00034