INTRODUCTION:

Based on published data on preventive strategies adopted by some of the major countries to prevent the spread of COVID-19 or SARS-COV 2, the major idea behind undertaking the study was to get a reality check on the preventive strategies undertaken by the different governments to prevent the spread of the virus via direct or indirect humanistic, strategic, monetary customs, and in the path of implementation and outcomes, what were the lessons learned and strategically implemented innovative ways to overcome the drawbacks¹.

In a short span of time, the COVID-19 outbreak emerged to be a global pandemic because of its explosive spread. It has messed up the daily activities, social, economic, and physical and mental health of people. In the prospect of lacking a drug-based remedy for COVID-19, precautionary measures are the current strategy to limit spread. This article aims at studying various preventive measures and special precautions taken by different countries globally to limit the spread of the deadliest contagion². The current article highlights the protective measures to be taken by individuals and aids the reader to enhance their knowledge of the various protective measures followed by a range of countries worldwide. The main objective of the article is to study and to provide information on various preventive, travel-specific, and special measures taken by different countries to abstain from the spread of COVID-19 and to have a better look at the drawbacks and be prepared for another such pandemic soon^3,4.

Specific Countrywide Steps Are Taken to Fight Against COVID-19:

The reviewing procedure involved selection of some of the major countries based on the criteria of population sense 2020, density (P/Km²), land area (Km²), urban population %, world share, and available information⁵. Based on the published data from the source Worldometer 2019 revision, the selected countries undertook various measures to prevent the spread of the virus whose data was collected from the official websites of the CDC (centre for disease control), WHO (World Health Organisation), KMPG global, Pubmed, and the web of science databases.

Afghanistan:

The Afghanistan government put restrictions on itinerants, banning the Nowrez carnival, customary spring gatherings, quarantine, wearing masks, awareness programs, and closing universities, schools, stadiums, restaurants, and gathering places. Unfortunately, due to unclear statistics, severe shortages of protective equipment, the high cost of diagnosis and treatment, inadequacy of equipment, and rumours, people do not visit diagnosis centres. The government was unable to cope with violations of infection control⁶.

Algeria:

The Algerian government implemented measures like all land borders were closed, suspension of public transport, and international air marine travel. Sports, universities, public baths, event halls were closed, a curfew was imposed, the availability of goods necessary for COVID-19, exports like foods and pharmaceutical products were suspended, an extension has been granted for the deadline for declaration and payment of duties and taxes, and an extension/renewal of the deadline for credits and deferred payments⁷.

Angola:

The Angolan government has introduced a sanitary code; citizens are forced to stay at home with some exceptions. The Angolan borders remain closed except for the return of nationals, travel of foreigners to their countries, and medical emergencies. Presentation of a completed sanitary control sheet upon arrival. Health checks were done. The export of products like medicine, fuel, and equipment for medical use was prohibited. 75% capacity for public transport, wearing face masks, restrictions on gatherings and crew rotations were implemented⁸.

Australia:

The Australian government took measures like physical distancing, lockdown restrictions, closing borders, international flights, non-essential services, and schools. "australia.gov.au", the COVID safe app, corona virus Australia app, Australian government WhatsApp channel, toll free number "000", and COVID-19 symptom checker for medical help were established⁹.

Bolivia:

The government has set up free hot lines at 800-10-1104 and 800-10-1106 to inform about symptoms. Closure of borders, all international flights and land transport are suspended. Social, sporting, religious, and social gatherings were prohibited. Social isolation for 14 days. CENETROP performed a free rapid diagnosis. Special working conditions in favour of pregnant women, older adults, and chronically ill patients. Hand washing with soap and water frequently, practicing good coughing or sneezing etiquette¹⁰.

Botswana:

The government took measures like banning gatherings of more than 50 people, borders were closed, self-isolation for 14 days, schools were closed, wearing masks, social distancing. All international travel is suspended. A national wide lockdown was implemented. The government took measures during winter like shutting borders, quarantine and isolation, organisation of an awareness campaign, providing containment homes during winter, systematic and continued testing, Botswana day of prayer¹¹.

Brazil:

The government took measures like cancellation of large events, school activities, closing of theatres, cinemas, shopping malls, social distancing, and mandatory face masks. Exports of medical hospital and hygiene products were banned. The immediate release of materials, medicine supplies and equipment in the health area. Neoenergia – Iberdrola groups have put together a series of measures like 700 scientific refrigerators for storage of vaccines, and 50 ventilators for public hospitals¹².

Bhutan:

The government asked all citizens to follow protective measures like washing their hands frequently with soap, maintaining social distance, practicing respiratory hygiene, seeking medical care early if they have a fever, cough, difficulty breathing, and staying informed. The government restricted entry for foreign visitors, national lockdown, and contact tracing. The KIDU system came as an income support for 23,000 individuals. Members of parliament donated months' salary, hoteliers provided premises for quarantine businesses, farmers donated food. Schools and institutes in the country were closed¹³.

Cameroon:

The government took measures like wearing masks, local production of protective masks, drugs and hydro alcoholic gels, specialized COVID-19 treatment centres, closing land air borders, releasing prisoners suspected of COVID-19, educational institutes were closed, gatherings of more than 50% were prohibited, and FENASSCO and university games were postponed. Hygiene measures include providing staff and visitors with alcohol-based sanitizers, masks, premises, and work tools sanitized regularly, and limiting business trips to high-risk areas¹⁴.

Colombia:

Augmenting the number of diagnostic tests, active community contact tracing and strengthening hospitals with health personnel and protective equipment. Quarantine and isolation conditions were followed. Permit telecommuting work for people who have arrived from other countries. Promote the use of the CoronAPP. Order the mass media to provide free information regarding the current health situation as well as all protective and preventive measures¹⁵.

Canada:

Maintaining proper hygiene practices helps to minimize the chance of getting or spreading it to others. Cough and sneeze into a tissue or the bend of your arm. Avoid touching your face without washing your hands. Quarantine and isolate, flu vaccine, avoid closed spaces (with poor ventilation). Wear gloves and a long-sleeved gown upon entering the patient's room, wear facial protection like a surgical or procedure mask and eye protection or face shield when within two metres of a patient suspected or confirmed to have COVID-19 infection¹⁶.

China:

Certain important public health measures have been implemented. That includes reporting to the public about the unexplained viral pneumonia outbreak, finding/tracing, rapid diagnosis, and quarantine and management. Information about COVID-19 spread fast on the internet, WeChat, micro blogs, television, radio, and other media outlets. In rural areas, informative materials like posters, bulletin boards, banners, and booklets were immediately provided to people with limited access to the internet. The Training Program was initiated to increase the capacity of health workers, social distancing, and disinfect surfaces with virus-killing disinfectants¹⁷.

The Democratic Republic of Congo:

The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) works together with relevant authorities in many places of detention around the world to strengthen standard practices, such as: educating the public about the corona virus, Sneeze, or cough into your elbow, wear a mask and stay in isolation if any symptoms are seen. Stay home if you are unwell, restricting internal and international travel. Banning large gatherings including more than 10 people, closing bars, restaurants, and places of worship and schools. To create water points for hand washing in public areas¹⁸.

Denmark:

The Danish Government has announced a general tightening of restrictions. Restaurants, schools (including high schools, universities, etc.) are closed and all lessons are provided online. Maintain a social distance of 1 meter. Isolation–self-isolation of those infected with the novel corona virus, from kissing, hugging, or shaking hands when they greet others. Face masks or shields are mandatory for people over 12 years on public transport and in educational institutions¹⁹.

Egypt:

The government started multidisciplinary national coordination between different ministries, encouraged electronic distance learning, and the BCG VACCINE USE-BCG vaccine has been shown to produce non-specific immune effects leading to enhanced response against other non-mycobacterial organisms. The diagnosis of COVID-19 is confirmed by the detection of viral RNA using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which plays an essential role in screening and management of patients, physical distancing, face masks, face shields, and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)²⁰.

Ethiopia:

Measures to prevent infection includes closing all schools and isolation of passengers arriving from international destinations, suspension of flights, and isolation for 14 days. The spread of WHO recommended practices–avoiding handshakes, elbow sneezing and coughing through mass media are practiced. Mass disinfection of critical urban locations. Working from home is strongly advised. Using the latest round of the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey, COVID-19 relevant indicators related to household access to communication platforms, access to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) and features of the home environment were assessed²¹.

Finland:

All exposed people are quarantined for two weeks. Lockdown and social distancing increase the testing and tracing capacity of airports, harbors, and land borders. Other measures include increasing the availability of PPE in health and social care to protect clients. Technology solutions implemented: National emergency assessment and advice number (116117), National COVID-19 digital self-assessment (https://www.omaolo.fi/en), the nucleic acid test (PCR), and Serological test. The development of digital health services and telemedicine and the practice of good coughing/sneezing etiquette helped to decrease the incidence rate of COVID-19²².

France:

Measures taken includes, working from home, cultural establishments, as well as public places remaining closed. Wearing a mask is made compulsory in enclosed public places. A fine of €135 will be charged in the event of non-compliance with wearing a mask in the places concerned, up to €3,750 in the event of a repeat offence. Use disposable tissues and throw them in the dustbin. Avoid touching your eyes, nose, and mouth. Avoid close contact with someone who is sick. Outpatient appointments have been cancelled or postponed. Patients are encouraged to use telemedicine apps and teleconsultations, which is a corollary of well-structured ambulatory care, and other online programmes to communicate with their GP or specialist²³.

Germany:

During the outbreak of corona in January 2019, the German government came up with some protective measures to prevent the entry of corona into Germany. They include prohibiting cross-border traffic except for transport of goods, isolating immigrants for 14 days, developing self-antigen tests, and using the corona warning app. To prevent financial burdens, industries and companies have decided to pay bonuses to employees. A vaccination campaign is being conducted to create awareness regarding the importance of the COVID-19 vaccine²⁴.

Ghana:

The government of Ghana has provided some safety measures and rules to prevent the spread of the corona virus. All these measures were analysed using the WHO hand hygiene assessment scale. They include the development of the COVID-19TRACKER APP. Along with this, in March 2020, local scientists in Ghana developed rapid diagnosis kits, ventilators, and hand washing equipment utilizing solar energy, and the use of drones to deliver and collect samples for testing purposes has become effective in preventing the spread of COVID-19 infection²⁵.

India:

The Ministry of health welfare has developed a disease alert help line and policy guidelines for preventing and managing corona. Front line workers were prophylactically given hydorxychloroquine. These include the SARS-COV 2 antibody test, COVID-19 IgM and IgG rapid test, COVID-19 IgM/IgG antibody rapid test, COVID-19 IgG/IgM detection test, and the new corona virus IgG/IgM rapid kit test. ICMR recommended immune boosters prophylactically. Students at Kerala medical institute have introduced a walk-in sample kiosk to collect samples. This was named the covsack by DRD later²⁶.

Indonesia:

Indonesia's government started implementing restrictions on travelling across the globe and closed all borders. They stopped air lines from China. A rapid antibody test is conducted on all immigrants. Domestic hospitals are modified into referral hospitals. Rapid diagnosis kits have been developed. In Indonesia, guidelines for immediate medical response and public health aspects were provided by gugus tugas percepatan penanganam COVID-19. They utilized military forces and the police service to establish hospitals in rural areas. Measurements are taken to maintain food stock during the battle with Corona²⁷.

Iran:

They took measures to prevent the spread of unwanted rumours regarding COVID-19 on social media. Increased fluid intake, increased frequency of eating but decreasing the meal size, and avoiding vigorous exercise and eating healthy fruits will help to improve immunity. Emotional balance is maintained by preventing infection²⁸.

Italy:

The government of Italy announced a health emergency. The government has announced it will treat COVID-19 positive patients with mild symptoms at home and severe symptoms at hospitals. To monitor lockdown rules, drones are used. Robots were used in handling COVID 19 patients. To maintain the economic crisis in Italy, two policies were implemented. One is Cura Italia, with an immediate tax boost. The other one is Decreto Liquidita, which offers loans to businesses.The government reopened previously closed hospitals. Retired medical practitioners are asked to continue their practice. Military hospitals were confined to COVID-19 patients²⁹.

Iraq:

The government of Iraq has closed all educational institutes temporarily, public transport, public places, providing information regarding corona to the public and conducting screening tests. The government of Iraq has implemented a curfew. Practice hand washing regularly. Hospitals were prepared to handle a sudden increase in cases. In case of emergency conditions, the Iraqi government, in cooperation with WHO, supplied the laboratory requirements for detecting corona cases³⁰.

Japan:

The government has appointed a team to find out the outcome of preventive measures. Awareness programmes regarding closing public places, maintaining the gap between individuals and regular hand washing are provided. Some hotels were turned into quarantine centres for the residence of suspected patients. The health care sector provided awareness regarding the consequences of COVID-19 on special populations. The government implemented a lockdown³¹.

Kazakhstan:

Four steps have been taken by the government of Kazakhstan to prevent the spread of COVID-19. The first step is mainly intended to develop the sanitization department. The second step included improving diagnostic facilities. In the third step, based on incidence rate, different countries were ranked. In the fourth step, based on the country from where the person arrived, the monitoring of the patient is framed. Kazakhstan implemented a lockdown. The government reduced taxes on food products; employers were given bonuses and one month's salary to lead their families. Poor families were provided with food daily³².

Liechtenstein:

Up to 10 people are allowed for gatherings. Wearing masks, social distance. Travelers should avoid all travel. If you need to travel, get tested with a viral test. Schools and universities were closed. Prohibition of events of 100 people or more. The Liechtenstein government has made a total of 100 million Swiss Francs (roughly $100 million) available to support the financial system³³.

Malawi:

The government took measures like wearing a mask, water and sanitation buckets in public places, strict enforcement of hand washing, and the use of hand sanitizers in markets, offices, business premises, and other public facilities. Schools and universities were closed. Gatherings larger than 100 people were banned. The ELA framework avoids travelling, covering the mouth while sneezing, hand washing, emergency services for medical help, and posters to share messages about health screening³⁴.

Malaysia:

The media actively spread the hash tag stay home, PPE for the frontlines, a rapid reverse transcriptase-PCR test for patients, restrictions on movement and assembly, and a whole restriction on travelling. Malaysians returning home are required to undergo health checks and voluntary self-quarantine for 14 days. An initial financial stimulus amounting to RM 20.0 billion was released to fight the outbreak³⁵.

Mauritania:

The measures included banning of all public gatherings, curfew, physical distancing and wearing of masks, reinforced testing. A mass awareness campaign on COVID-19 via broadcast on television and radio was conducted. Information on the progress of the epidemic in Mauritania was disseminated on social networks. An academic tool was used to explain the corona virus to children³⁶.

Mexico:

Preventive measures including conducting a "Maintain a Secure Distance" campaign, suspension of nonessential services like seminars and conferences. The government urged people to work from home to decrease COVID-19 spread. Party halls, movie theatres, public theatres, bars, private clubs, nightclubs, sports gyms, museums, Innovation, Freedom, Art, Education, and Knowledge spots, Child Development Centres were closed³⁷.

Monaco:

The governed rules include getting tested and staying home to self-quarantine for 7 days. A daily update on cases and their evolution. The most serious cases are hospitalized. The Home Monitoring Centre is chargeable for follow-up with patients who have tested positive. Employers and self-employed workers can contact the Social Security Contributions Collection Office to request staggered payment of their contributions. Travelers are subjected to framed control measures and entry restrictions upon their arrival in the territory³⁸.

Morocco:

The Ministry informed Moroccan citizens that they should not move out into public spaces without authorization and were required to fill out an "exceptional movement permit" before leaving. Citizens were encouraged to put the app on their phones. The public and personal media operated round the clock through special programs to boost awareness of the danger of the virus. The government launched a military hospital in Africa with a capacity of 700 beds. The government suspended means of transport and travel between cities. Disinfection and sterilization operations were allotted to Moroccan cities³⁹.

Myanmar:

All travelers to Myanmar must provide certification of the absence of COVID-19 infection and quarantine for 14 days after arriving. Practice wearing masks and social distancing between people. Schools and public places were closed. Strict containment measures were put in place, including travel restrictions, partial lockdowns, closure of major businesses, banning gatherings of 5 or more, imposing a stay-at-home order, and curfews, closing borders, temperature checks for employees, hand washing with soap⁴⁰.

Nigeria:

In Nigeria, the government used the system of house marking, i.e., putting a mark on those houses where food has been distributed, putting disinfectant gels at the doorways and inside public places. The Nigerian Minister of Water and Sanitation urged citizens to wash their hands regularly with soap and water, and good water management in homes for preservation of hygiene, especially during this era of the corona virus pandemic⁴¹.

North Korea:

The North Korean government, through its various propaganda channels, tried to stop the spread. The measures taken are washing hands and wearing masks, strengthening border security and economic stabilisation. Quarantine measures were strictly enforced. Anyone suspected of having contacted the virus is ordered to stay home and wait to be diagnosed by health officials. Any members of the family of the suspected patient are put in special quarantine facilities designated by the government⁴².

Liberia:

Measures taken to prevent COVID-19 spread include closed borders, public and private beaches, declaration of a health emergency, closed schools, and other public places. All non-essential government employees are subject to paid leave. introduction of home-based care for confirmed cases, enforcement of public health safety measures, and contact tracing⁴³.

North Macedonia:

The Ministry of Health has tracked a strenuous hazard transmission operation on social media, television, and various sources of broadcast, properly wearing and discarding of materials and face masks, and washing of hands. An innovative government webpage for entirely authorized COVID-19 includes related data. They include www.koronavirus.gov.mk, http://zdravstvo.gov.mk/korona-virus, and https://vlada.mk/covid19. The Administration Call Hub (02/324-8040) was laid to benefit trades and citizens⁴⁴.

Oman:

Oman has established some of the most dominant technical resolutions named Tarassud plus that contain current COVID-19 information. As soon as the patients are identified, a medical tracing wristlet linked to the application confirms that they halt at the household for the period of their quarantine. Rather than ring tones, mobile phone calls play a message in Arabic and English, constantly repeating it to citizens to halt at home. Evade the 3cs: places that are closed, busy or require close contact⁴⁵.

Qatar:

Preventive measures include cleansing hands frequently, maintaining a distance between individuals, wearing masks, and installing the Ehteraz app on telephones. Physiotherapy facilities were provided during the CCVID-19 epidemic. MoEHE has declared the use of Microsoft Teams and Learning Management System (LMS) applications to convey digital content to students. The Qatar Ministry of Public Health developed an outline for action categorizing four main steps: Readiness, investigation, and recognition to guarantee the first analysis, support, and observation to contain outbursts⁴⁶.

Saudi Arabia:

Saudi Arabia has been effective in restraining the spread of the disease with the resolution of initial limitations on admission to its holy places. Phase two selected cases based on their epidemiological threat outline through filling out self-assessment microelectronic forms. This electronic facility allows patients to book, cancel, or rearrange their appointments at primary health care centres⁴⁷.

Singapore:

The MOH has just raised the Disease Outbreak Response System Condition (DORSCON) level from yellow to orange. DORSCON orange gratifies employers by conducting everyday health checks at workplaces. Anybody with a fever or who is ill is mandated to leave the workplace instantly and visit a physician. The Singapore Administration executed the Communicable Diseases (Workplace Measures to Prevent the Spread of COVID-19) Regulations 2020 (the "Regulations") on 1^st April 2020⁴⁸.

Slovenia:

Slovenia has a National Protection and Rescue Plan in the event of a communicable disease epidemic or pandemic in humans (hereinafter the National Plan). It comprises comprehensive action etiquettes and is meant to safeguard the smooth operation of shareholders at the state level. The Minister of Health suggests the choice to start a national plan be taken by the Civil Slovenia has closed all schools, sports and cultural institutions, bars, restaurants, hotels, and shops except for food and drug stores, and stopped community transportation⁴⁹.

Russia:

Prime Minister sanctioned the creation of a corona virus taskforce. Russia has announced a high alert and enforced obligatory self-isolation for 14 days. Health checkups are conducted at workplaces. The Russian administration has hurled an internet hotline to keep individuals well-informed about the corona virus's condition. The central administration has taken steps to upgrade the financial significance of the pandemic. The government is involved in constructing new hospitals⁵⁰.

Romania:

The precautionary methods include recurrent cleanliness of the hands with hydro-alcoholic ingredients, evading touching of the eyes, nose, and mouth; exercising respiratory hygiene by coughing or sneezing into the elbow; using a face cover if the individual is having respiratory indications; safeguarding the sanitation of the hands after taking out the mask. Travellers from some nations are required to self-isolate for 14 days before coming⁵¹.

South Africa:

The minister of Health, Mkhize, in the province of KwaZulu Natal, urged the people of South Africa to follow the basic guidelines published by the WHO to prevent COVID 19. They include regular hand washing, social distancing, and restricted public gatherings. The government of South Africa announced a lockdown. The government has announced the scaling up of nationwide testing, tracing, management, and treatment. Awareness provided against myths like viruses can not harm young people, only old people with co-morbiditiesare affected, viruses cannot survive in hot climates and some races are immune to COVID-19⁵².

South Korea:

South Korea implemented many measures to even out the curve and provide timely medical care to the infected. They include staying at home and social distancing. By licensing private companies and clinics to conduct tests early in the stage, the capacity of testing was drastically increased from 3000/day to 15,000-20,000/day. Isolation of the cases and self-quarantine of the contact has been a feature of the South Korean response. Close contact with the confirmed case who is asymptomatic is home quarantined for 14 days⁵³.

Spain:

A nationwide state of emergency was implemented. That resulted in practicing hand hygiene, social distance and limiting public gatherings. Immigrants are asked to undergo a COVID-19 test 72 h prior to travelling. Every immigrant needs to undergo a temperature test and fill out a sanitary control form with a QR code. Limited lockdown in Madrid. Residents are not allowed to go out of their homes except for school, work, essential shopping, and medical care⁵⁴. All bars and restaurants are forced to close or reduce their capacity by 50%.

Turkey:

Adults were allowed to go out from 10:00 am-5:00pm. Children were allowed to go out between 1 p.m. and 4 p.m. People over 65 are allowed outside only between 10 a.m. and 1 p.m. All civic gatherings were prohibited. Practicing constant use of face masks in public places, health care workers are instructed to wear the PPE kit, maintain social distance norms, and quarantine as per guidelines are followed. Increased testing, cleansing, and disinfectants in the high rise are followed⁵⁵.

Thailand:

The Thai government announced a partial lock down. Announced travel advisory to avoid all non-essential travel to China. All schools and colleges are being ordered to ban for 2 weeks. Entertainment venues, cinemas, and sports venues are also closed for 14 days. Soft loans and reducing utility bills, electricity and water will be subsided. Red zone: huge gatherings are barred. Orange zone: civic conduct is banned. Yellow zone: imposing enhanced surveillance measures. Green zone: small-scale activities are allowed. Passengers should produce a negative COVID-19 test result within 72 h before the trip⁵⁶.

The United Kingdom:

The government has taken various measures to prevent the spread of the virus, which includes the COVID-19 Virus bill 2019-2020. The Bill focused on five key areas: increasing the available health and social care workforce; easing the burden on frontline staff; containing and slowing the virus; managing the deceased with respect and dignity; and supporting people. COVID-19 corporate financing facility, COVID-19 Virus Business interruption loan scheme were established. The government used the emergency procedure in section 45R to regulate the power to detain patients for screening and assessment and to isolate such patients⁵⁷.

USA:

The U.S senate approved a $2.2 trillion to aid the U.S economy and to buy emergency medical equipment. Implementing nationwide social distancing, banning the gathering of people was done. The entry of all individuals from China was banned. The implementation of the COVID-19 Virus aid relief and economic security act or care act provides more than $2 trillion in emergency aid to individuals and businesses. An office of Inspector General for Pandemic Recovery will be established within the Treasury to conduct, supervise, and coordinate audits⁵⁸.

Uganda:

Public health restricted entry into Uganda. Any person arriving in Uganda must be mandatory examined by the medical officer for COVID-19. And if confirmed by the medical officer, the individual must be isolated. To contain COVID-19, schools and other higher institutions, public places are banned. Additional measures include mass media-based sensitization, good hygiene practices, maintaining appropriate social distance, wearing facemasks, and a toll-free line to report and disseminate information. Military health workers conducted training on containing the spread⁵⁹.

Vietnam:

Preventive measures include implementing a national lockdown, quarantining, and screening COVID-19 from suspected individuals. Introducing many awareness programmes regarding the spread and prevention of COVID-19. Campaigns are conducted for proper hand washing, wearing masks, and maintaining respiratory hygiene. Mobile applications like NCOVI and Blue Zone have been developed. Other measures include closure of the borders, Vietnamese citizens' compulsory to provide a RTPCR test before 72 h of arrival and undergo a quarantine of 14 days. Improving the bed capacities in ICU, the launch of online medical examinations and treatment improved patient care⁶⁰.

Zimbabwe:

A Lockdown was implemented. The government conducted training programmes for health care workers regarding the handling of COVID-19 patients and providing patient care. More quarantine centres were made available for patients. Health care workers are provided with PPE kits and essential equipment in hospitals to improve the quality of life. All the flights were stopped to enter Zimbabwe. Public service providers are divided into three batches. Each batch should work for 2 weeks⁶¹.

The continent wise general and specific measures took were described^62-66 in table 1 to 6.

Table 1: General and specific measures took in Asia

Country	General measures	Specific measures
Afghanistan	Restriction on travel and gathering, limitation on shaking hands, wearing masks, closure of schools, wedding halls, restaurants, malls.	Banning of Nowrez celebrations, awareness campaign $100.4 million COVID-19 emergency response by the World Bank, website www.corona.asan.gov.af for the number of cases every day.
Bhutan	hands with soap regularly, social distancing, practicing respiratory hygiene, seeking medical care early if you have a fever, cold, difficulty breathing, staying informed, nation lockdown, entry of foreign visitors, chattering of planes, schools were closed, conferences and seminars were postponed.	The army was recruited to assist with the construction of living quarters for returning Bhutanese citizens. The KIDU system-income support for 23000 individuals. Members of parliament donated 1 month's salary, hoteliers offered premises for quarantine, businesses donated cash, and farmers donated food.
China	Strict quarantine and follow-up, wearing a mask, gatherings and meetings remained prohibited, lockdown of the city, frequent hand washing, social distancing, Wuhan city travel ban, limiting passenger load on public transport, screening at airports, PPE and face masks are mandatory during travel.	Online training, teaching, announcements, and discussion have been recommended. New technologies like Artificial Intelligence (AI) were applied to strengthen contact tracing and the management of COVID-19 cases.
India	Closed educational institutes, limited people gatherings, respiratory hygiene, hand sanitisation, surface disinfection, avoid direct contact, lockdown	Development of mobile application 'AAROGYASETU'
Indonesia	Restricted public places, hand sanitisation, protecting the mouth, nose, eyes. Digitalised teaching.	Implementation of COVID-19 task force and mutual assistance task force. Implementation of health policies and insurance. Small scale industries were funded.
Iran	Removing moisture in the home, healthy diet, quarantine, staying at home, hygiene environment.	Awareness regarding the use of N95 masks, removing moisture from the home by using some herbal incense sticks. Providing mental health support.
Iraq	Increased laboratory equipment for detection of COVID-19 cases, self-isolation, and digitalised education.	Raising awareness to fight COVID-19 by the Let’s Beat Corona campaign.
Japan	Closing schools, hotels converted to quarantine centres, using masks and hand sanitizer.	Raising awareness to fight covid by the Let’s Beat Corona campaign.
Kazakhstan	Digital learning, sanitisation, monitoring symptoms in travellers, isolating passengers from high-risk areas.	A USD 13.4 billion rescue package to assist small-scale businesses affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.
Malaysia	Stay home, prohibition of activities like religious activities, avoid travelling, sports, social and cultural events. Avoid travelling.	Enforced a Movement Control Order, an initial financial stimulus amounting to RM 20.0 billion was released. The MoH and Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) established an action coalition to get aid from corporate companies, government-linked companies (GLCs), and other organizations in Malaysia in the move to fight the outbreak.
Myanmar	Schools, universities, and entertainment centres closed, travel restrictions, partial lockdowns, closure of major businesses like factories and shopping malls, quarantining incoming travellers.	Lower interest rates, lower minimum reserve requirements, Extend terms of healthcare benefits for SSB members, implementation of community infrastructure projects, Promotion of mobile, wire, and card payments and of e-commerce, loan fund for the Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises; corporate income and commercial tax deferral.
Oman	closed all nursery schools and schools, physiotherapists, psychotherapists, hair stylists, swimming pools and instruction centres, and debarred all spectator sports and civilizing events. Instead of ring tones, cell phone calls play a note in Arabic and English continuously reminding citizens to stay home.	Tarassud Plus, the scheme is a mixture of a portable application by means of artificial intelligence. A medical tracing bracelet linked to the application Evade the 3Cs: places that are closed, busy or require close contact.
Qatar	Keeping a space of at least two metres from people who have signs of infection.	Installing the Ehteraz app on telephones.
Saudi Arabia	Following social distancing measures in public places. Maintaining hand hygiene, wearing masks.	The Umrah suspension was forced on March 4, 2020. The Ministry of Hajj in early April called on nations to postpone their bookings for the 2020 Hajj season.
Singapore	Physical distancing of at least 1 m, symptoms of fever or illness must abscond from the place of work right away and see a physician.	The Disease Outbreak Response System Condition (DORSCON) level from yellow to orange.
Russia	The Head of state has declared that the week from March 30 to April 3 will be a non-working time.	The Russian administration has hurled an internet hotline A draft bill on hardening the penalties for defilement of hygienic-epidemiological.
South Korea	Distancing from people by staying at home and restricting non-essential travel, closing of schools and other gathering places.	Testing of symptomatic patients based on physical judgment, Mass testing of people at high-risk facilities and care homes. Case-based contact tracing.
Turkey	Mandatory constant use of face mask in public places, health care workers to wear PPE kit to maintain social distancing. Schools are closed. Increase testing quarantine of the symptomatic. All public meetings are forbidden. Cleaning and disinfecting areas.	Administrative fine on violators under article 195,282 of the Turkish penal code, 1 year of punishment. Guidelines for travel based on age are provided with timing and day wise access to the plaza city square is prohibited.
Thailand	Cancellation of New Year celebrations at schools and colleges, cinemas, sports venues,	cinemas, sports venues. Denied entry of MS Westerdam cruise ship, cancelled Moto Gp. The Internet price supported working from home. VISA extended to 30-45 days.
Vietnam	Implementing national lockdown, schools, restaurants, pubs, night clubs, quarantining the infected, maintaining social distance, wearing masks.	Vietnam must download the NCOVI mobile application to trace the infection. The COVID-19 notice was given to the public via mobile ringtones.

Table 2: General and specific measures took in Africa

Country	General Measures	Specific Measures
Algeria	Closure of all land borders, deferral of on-cargo intercontinental air and sea travel, curfew, cultural Sports, universities, commercial activities, event halls, and night clubs are suspended.	Extension granted for deadline for distribution and payment of duties and taxes. COVID-19 vaccination campaign
Angola	permitted capacities in workplaces, borders remain closed, ports operate at reduced capacity, crew rotations and shore leave are prohibited, wearing masks in public places, restrictions on gatherings.	Sanitary codon established to prevent entry and exit of residences, presentation of a completed sanitary control sheet for passengers arriving in Angola.
Botswana	Banned gatherings of > 50 people, borders were closed, schools were closed, wearing of masks, social distancing, national wide lockdown, barring of entry from high-risk countries, sporting events and conferences suspended.	COVID-19 wage support scheme Botswana Day of Prayer, prior preparation of Botswana in winter to fight against COVID-19.
Cameroon	Closed sea borders, restrictions on land and air transport, wearing of masks, all educational institutions were closed, gatherings > 50% prohibited, university competitions and games were postponed, hygiene measures –regular hand washing, avoiding close contact, covering the mouth while sneezing.	The Corona virus test campaign was launched. An awareness campaign in rural and urban areas. The Human rights commission released prisoners suspected of COVID-19.
The Democratic Republic of Congo	Promotion of hand washing, physical distancing, face mask use, Closure of air, sea, and land borders. The use of masks is mandatory for passengers.	Avoid international trips. Use of chemical broad spectrum for the disinfection of all areas of the airport, compulsory use of personal protective equipment (PPE).
Egypt	Encouraged electronic distance learning, curfew from 7 pm until 6 am, physical distancing, washing hands frequently for 20 seconds, wearing masks.	Egypt examines all tourists and traces them for the development of fever or respiratory symptoms after arrival. Aeroplane cleaning workers must wear medical clothes and sanitize/disinfect the surfaces.
Ethiopia	Restricting large gatherings and movements of people, hand-washing and social distancing were the main prevention measures. Isolation, quarantine, Wearing masks	Toll-free telephone lines for information, free provision of sanitary items like soap and hand-washing gels to targeted groups, stay-at-home orders for all but necessary staff, Subsidized internet and voice packages offered by Ethio telecom, isolation of passengers arriving from intercontinental destinations, suspension of flights, Complete transport lockdown.
Ghana	Frequent hand washing, wearing a face mask, avoiding direct contact with individuals, closing public places, educational institutions.	Implementation of Ghana's emergency preparedness and response project.
Kenya	Avoiding physical contact, disinfecting surroundings, proper use of masks, frequent hand washing, limiting transport, and initiation of e-learning.	Surveys are conducted to monitor the mental status of citizens and COVID-19 patients in a pandemic.
Malawi	Sanitation, prohibited entering offices, shops, restaurants, or any public place if they're not wearing a mask, usage of hand sanitizer, Schools and universities are closed, avoid public gatherings/travelling.	An Emergency Liquidity Assistance (ELA) framework was implemented, and enforcement of health screening was the least bit of points of entry. The MoH and Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) established an action coalition to get assistance from corporate companies and the government.
Mauritania	Banning of all public gatherings, curfew extension, physical distancing and wearing of masks, closing of schools.	RCCE) and "Infection Prevention and Control" (IPC) pillars, UNICEF supported the Ministry of Education in designing and adopting a rapid and effective education response plan. Mass awareness campaign
Morocco	Limited domestic flights resumed. Disinfection and sterilisation operations were administered.	Employees affiliated with the national Social Security Fund, the public and personal media also operate round the clock.
Nigeria	Safety and hygiene measures, Sanitation and hygiene Frequently clean hands, lodge in-home, wear masks, maintain social distance, avoid public gatherings.	The government must improve transparency and accountability in the food ration distribution system. The government has committed to investing some of this amount, and financial commitments have also been made by private, bilateral, and multilateral institutions to raise the remaining funds.
Liberia	Closed all schools, bars, night clubs, bars, casinos, cinemas and other entertainment venues, public and personal beaches, wearing masks, social distance.	Declaration of National Health Emergency-. Non-essential public or private sector workers may well be sent home by an international fund.
South Africa	Regular hand washing, social distancing, and limiting public gatherings to less than 100 people. Liquor shops were prohibited from 18:00hours.	Scaling up the nation-wide testing tracing.
Uganda	Banned schools, bars, cinemas, churches, and mosques are entitled to open-air prayers, the banning of marriages, funerals, wedding parties, public meetings, political meetings, rallies, cultural meetings, and the banning of the trading of live animals at their designated places. All court hearings are suspended.	Mass testing, contact tracing, providing information, religious leaders of institutions to abort any congregations, military health workers trained to contain the spread, restricted entry into Uganda.
Zimbabwe	Healthcare workers are provided with PPE kits. Citizens are asked to stay at home, follow the general guidelines by WHO, wear masks and respiratory hygiene.	Public servicers were divided into three batches working shift wise. More quarantine centres are made available for patients.

Table 3: General and specific measures took in south America

Country	General Measures	Specific Measures
Argentina	Quarantine measures, closure of borders, suspension of schools and flights, lockdowns except for healthy food production, drug production, security forces, transit control on streets.	Lockdown in Tierra del Fuego province MALVINAS Day was postponed from 2^nd April to 31^st March 2020. DNU no.297/2020 established essential activities-activities of health care professionals, cleaning services, and digital communication.
Bolivia	Closure of all borders, all international flights suspended, land transport suspended, social, sporting, religious and social gatherings prohibited, frequent hand washing and practice of good coughing etiquette.	Free hot lines at 800-10-1106 and 800-10-1104 to inform people about symptoms, official information media and press conferences conducted. CENETROP-National Centre for Tropical Diseases, performed free rapid diagnosis.
Brazil	Cancellation of large events, school activities, closing of theatres, shopping malls, mandatory face masks, social distancing, fever measurements, immediate release of materials, medicine, equipment in the health area.	Prior to authorization for exports of chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, and azithromycin, restaurants in Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo distributed over 30,000 meals to vulnerable people.
Colombia	Hand washing and disinfection, avoid crowded areas. Use face mask, social distancing. All responsible for means of transportation must adopt hygienic measures. Wear a mask and PPE while travelling via air. Screening at the airport.	The Colombian Air Force (FAC) has enabled the transfer of sick people from areas of difficult access to cities with hospital centres prepared to attend to positive cases of COVID-19. PAHO/WHO supports air operations with PPE for the pilots and the delivery of capsules that enable the safe transfer of patients.

Table 4: General and specific measures took in North America

Country	General measures	Specific measures
Canada	Wash your hands often, practice physical distancing of 2 metres, and avoid crowded places.	Reducing unnecessary travel and trips, limitations on international travel.
Mexico	Maintain a secure distance, suspending "nonessential services", seminars, conferences, small-scale events, implementing work from home, and avoiding gatherings, closing borders.	The Sanitary Emergency published a political candidate gazette and an epidemiologic light guide system.
The United States of America	Nationwide social distancing bans on gatherings of 10 people in public places.	Emergency bill passed the U.S passed $8.3 billion, the U.S senate approved $2.2 trillion to aid the U.S, and emergency medical equipment also sanctioned $174 million as financial aid.

Table 5: General and specific measures took in Europe

Country	General measures	Specific measures
Denmark	The limit for gathering in large groups is 5 people. They wear masks, wash their hands often, and maintain social distance.	PentaBase helps Denmark fight COVID-19 through fast detection of infection and close monitoring of the development of SARS-CoV-2 mutations.
Finland	Face masks are voluntary for the public. All public events and gatherings including more than 10 people are banned. All exposed people must stay in quarantine for two weeks. Lockdown, hand hygiene, physical distancing, and respiratory etiquette.	The COVID-19 digital self-assessment tool Omaolo (omaolo.fi/en) is used nationwide. Technology solutions implemented: National emergency assessment and advice number (116117). National COVID-19 digital self-assessment (https://www.omaolo.fi/en).Enhanced the development of digital health services and telemedicine in various parts of the Finnish healthcare system, Self-quarantine after travelling abroad. All people returning from international travel are advised to stay in quarantine for 14 days, advised to abstain from travelling outside the region, and there are international entry restrictions. Travel is prohibited from all other countries.
France	A curfew between 6pm and 6 AM, Work from home, Wash your hands more often. Limit social gatherings, Clean, and sanitize frequently touched objects and surfaces.	Travel is prohibited within this area. Possible social distancing is maintained amongst passengers or groups of passengers not travelling together.
Germany	Wearing masks in public, closing schools and public places, avoiding physical contact. Initiation of digital teaching.	Development of the NINA app, introduction of the vaccination production task force. Small and medium-sized industries were provided with financial support.
Italy	Closed educational institutions, restricted public gatherings, respiratory hygiene, quarantine.	Development of the IMMUNI app for video tracing. Cura Italia Decreto Liquidita.
Liechtenstein	Wearing masks, maintaining social distance, and 10 person gatherings are allowed publically. Bars, nightclubs, and dance clubs are closed. Schools, universities, and other educational facilities are also closed. Travelling should be avoided.	Granting "short-time work", the Liechtenstein government has made a total of 100 million Swiss Francs (roughly $100 million) available to support the financial set-up.
Monaco	Postpone non-essential travel, refused entry, quarantine upon arrival or during their stay.	Cash flow loans and overdraft facilities amount to between €50,000 and €500,000 granted to businesses affected, but €50,000 to traders, craftspeople, and extremely small businesses affected.
North Macedonia	Properly wearing and discarding of materials and face masks, appropriate hand washing, hazard transmission operations in social media, on television and various sources of broadcast.	The Ministry of Health Website for COVID-19 zdravstvo.gov.mk/korona-virus, A new government webpage for COVID-19 www.koronavirus.gov.mk. (vlada.mk/covid19), administration phone The Call hub (02/324-8040), the administration reintroduced a call centre for financial measures.
Slovenia	The movement of people in the entire area of the Republic of Slovenia is provisionally banned between 22:00 and 6:00. Meetings of more than ten people are forbidden.	Slovenia has a National Protection and Rescue Plan.
Romania	Travellers are required to self-isolate for 14 days after arriving. A novel	law was delivered to legitimise the separation and isolation of those alleged to have COVID-19. The Centre for Supervision and Control of Infectious Diseases delivered an endorsement.
Spain	Restriction of gatherings to 6 people, restriction of business gatherings, mandatory face masks indoors.	Test on arrival with or without symptoms, mandatory temperature check, filling out of a sanitary control form with QR code.
United Kingdom	Closure of educational institutions, restaurants, cafes, entertainment, and fitness centres remain closed; establish border points for all incomings and mandatory inspection.	prevent the spread of the virus at the Ukraine nuclear power plant, prevent the spread of the virus in prison institutes, working from home, additional weekly wage for medical and other health care workers, and exclusion of import VAT and customs duties for medicines, medical products, and medical equipment necessary for the setup of operational groups.

Table 6: General and specific measures took in Australia

Country	General measures	Specific measures
Australia	Physical distancing, lock down restrictions, closing borders, curbing international flights, schools being closed, isolation for 14 days for the suspected, contact tracing, wearing masks, securing adequate PPE.	COVID-19 safe tracing mobile app, setting up of a separate inpatient COVID-19 screening hot wards, australian.gov.au website for COVID-19 information, 000 number for urgent medical help, COVID-19 symptom checker, WhatsApp channel by the Australian government.

CONCLUSION:

The Novel corona virus strain is a contagious viral strain. As there is no special treatment policy to mitigate the symptoms of sickness, prevention is the best option. Till the vaccines arrive, various preventive strategies have been developed, implemented and practiced by the public to contain the community transmission of the virus, to prevent the spread of financial assistance provided to the economically poor countries and also to the fallen businesses due to lockdown in the countries. Many advancements have also been made in the medical field to ascertain and control the spread of COVID-19.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT:

The authors are thankful to RERDS-CPR of RIPER for the encouragement and support.

REFERENCES:

1. Covid C, Team R, COVID C, et al. Characteristics of health care personnel with COVID-19—United States, February 12–April 9, 2020. 2020;69(15):477.

2. Kumar YB, Ahad HA, Haranath C, Sumanth G, Pasupuleti DS, Reddy SSJIJLSPR. Platelet Rich Plasma Therapy: A quick note for every health care professional. (2020).10(5):P84-89.

3. Covid C, Team R, COVID C, et al. Geographic differences in COVID-19 cases, deaths, and incidence—United States, February 12–April 7, 2020. 2020;69(15):465.

4. Chinthaginjala H, Ahad HA, Sumanth G, Shaik M, Dasari RRJIJoP, Research P. Hunting Hantavirus: A Quick Guide for Healthcare Professionals before It Invades the Globe unlike COVID-19. 2020:1-6.

5. Ahad HA, Haranath C, Roy D, Dharani BS, Raghav R, Dasari SR. A Quick Reference to The Diagnosis Test for COVID-19: Guide to Every Healthcare Professional in Global Emergencies.

6. Shah J, Karimzadeh S, Al-Ahdal TMA, Mousavi SH, Zahid SU, Huy Ntjtlgh. COVID-19: the current situation in Afghanistan. 2020;8(6):e771-e772.

7. Kadi N, Khelfaoui MJBotNRC. Population density, a factor in the spread of COVID-19 in Algeria: statistic study. 2020;44(1):1-7.

8. Arrais M, Dias W, Gama JM, Brito MJIh. Physicians’ perceptions of their knowledge and the preparedness of health facilities in Angola to diagnose and manage COVID-19. 2021.

9. Dodd RH, Cvejic E, Bonner C, et al. Willingness to vaccinate against COVID-19 in Australia. 2021;21(3):318-319.

10. Zhang SX, Sun S, Jahanshahi AA, et al. Developing and testing a measure of COVID-19 organizational support of healthcare workers–results from Peru, Ecuador, and Bolivia. 2020; 291:113174.

11. Ntshwarang PN, Malinga T, Losike-Sedimo NJHEftF. eLearning tools at the University of Botswana: Relevance and use under COVID-19 crisis. 2021;8(1):142-154.

12. Oliveira WKd, Duarte E, França GVAd, Garcia LPJEeSdS. How Brazil can hold back COVID-19. 2020;29.

13. LeVine S, Dhakal GP, Penjor T, Chuki P, Namgyal KJTAjotm, hygiene. Case report: the first case of COVID-19 in Bhutan. 2020;102(6):1205.

14. Mbopi-Keou F-X, Pondi J-E, Sosso Majtlid. COVID-19 in Cameroon: a crucial equation to resolve. 2020;20(12):1367-1368.

15. Amariles P, Granados J, Ceballos M, Montoya CJJRiS, Pharmacy A. COVID-19 in Colombia endpoints. Are we different, like Europe? 2021;17(1):2036-2039.

16. Webster PJTL. Canada and COVID-19: learning from SARS. 2020;395(10228):936-937.

17. Zavascki AP, Falci Drjnejm. Clinical characteristics of Covid-19 in China. 2020;382(19):1859.

18. Juma CA, Mushabaa NK, Salam FA, Ahmadi A, Lucero-Prisno III DEJTAjotm, hygiene. COVID-19: the current situation in the Democratic Republic of Congo. 2020;103(6):2168.

19. Sønderskov KM, Dinesen PT, Santini ZI, Østergaard SDJAn. The depressive state of Denmark during the COVID-19 pandemic. 2020; 32(4):226-228.

20. Medhat MA, El Kassas MJJogh. COVID-19 in Egypt: Uncovered figures or a different situation? 2020;10(1).

21. Tadesse DB, Gebrewahd GT, Demoz GTJNM, Infections N. Knowledge, attitude, practice and psychological response toward COVID-19 among nurses during the COVID-19 outbreak in northern Ethiopia, 2020. 2020; 38:100787.

22. Lohiniva A-L, Sane J, Sibenberg K, Puumalainen T, Salminen MJE. Understanding coronavirus disease (COVID-19) risk perceptions among the public to enhance risk communication efforts: a practical approach for outbreaks, Finland, February 2020. 2020;25(13):2000317.

23. Ceylan ZJSoTTE. Estimation of COVID-19 prevalence in Italy, Spain, and France. 2020; 729:138817.

24. Böhmer MM, Buchholz U, Corman VM, et al. Investigation of a COVID-19 outbreak in Germany resulting from a single travel-associated primary case: a case series. 2020;20(8):920-928.

25. Upoalkpajor J-LN, Upoalkpajor CBJAjoe, studies s. The impact of COVID-19 on education in Ghana. 2020:23-33.

26. Pramesh C, Badwe RAJNEJoM. Cancer management in India during Covid-19. 2020;382(20):e61.

27. Olivia S, Gibson J, Nasrudin RaJBoIES. Indonesia in the Time of Covid-19. 2020;56(2):143-174.

28. Gilani S, Roditi R, Naraghi MJMh. COVID-19 and anosmia in Tehran, Iran. 2020; 141:109757.

29. Borczuk AC, Salvatore SP, Seshan SV, et al. COVID-19 pulmonary pathology: a multi-institutional autopsy cohort from Italy and New York City. 2020;33(11):2156-2168.

30. Ali BJA, BJ. Impact of COVID-19 on consumer buying behavior toward online shopping in Iraq. Economic Studies Journal. Impact of COVID-19 on consumer buying behavior toward online shopping in Iraq. 2020;18(42):267-280.

31. Iwasaki A, Grubaugh NDJEmm. Why does Japan have so few cases of COVID‐19? 2020;12(5):e12481.

32. Bayesheva D, Boranbayeva R, Turdalina B, et al. COVID-19 in the paediatric population of Kazakhstan. 2021;41(1):76-82.

33. Thiel SL, Weber MC, Risch L, et al. Flattening the curve in 52 days: characterisation of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Principality of Liechtenstein–an observational study. 2020;150(4142).

34. Tengatenga J, Tengatenga Duley SM, Tengatenga CJJL. Zimitsani Moto: Understanding the Malawi COVID-19 Response. 2021;10(2):20.

35. Elengoe AJOph, perspectives r. COVID-19 outbreak in Malaysia. 2020;11(3):93.

36. El Vally A, Bollahi MA, Salem MSOA, et al. Retrospective overview of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in Mauritania. 2020:100788.

37. Ibarra-Nava I, Cárdenas-De La Garza JA, Ruiz-Lozano RE, Salazar-Montalvo RGJDm, preparedness ph. Mexico and the COVID-19 Response. 2020;14(4):e17-e18.

38. Shrock E, Fujimura E, Kula T, et al. Viral epitope profiling of COVID-19 patients reveals cross-reactivity and correlates of severity. 2020;370(6520).

39. Ait Addi R, Benksim A, Amine M, Cherkaoui M. COVID-19 outbreak and perspective in Morocco. Electron J Gen Med. 2020; 17 (4): em2042020.

40. Mya Kyaw S, Aye S, Hlaing Win A, Hlaing Su S, Thida AJhwicipiad. Awareness, perceived risk and protective behaviours of Myanmar adults on COVID-19. 2020.

41. Ohia C, Bakarey AS, Ahmad TJIJoID. COVID-19 and Nigeria: putting the realities in context. 2020; 95:279-281.

42. Velamoor V, Persad EJAJoP. Covid-19: Cultural perspectives. 2020; 53:102439.

43. Dixit SM, Sarr M, Gueye DM, et al. Addressing disruptions in childhood routine immunisation services during the COVID-19 pandemic: perspectives from Nepal, Senegal and Liberia. 2021;6(7):e005031.

44. Haxhihamza K, Arsova S, Bajraktarov S, et al. Patient satisfaction with use of telemedicine in university clinic of psychiatry: Skopje, North Macedonia during COVID-19 pandemic. 2021;27(4):464-467.

45. Badahdah A, Khamis F, Al Mahyijari N, et al. The mental health of health care workers in Oman during the COVID-19 pandemic. 2020:0020764020939596.

46. Ghanam R, Boone EL, Abdel-Salam A-SGJapa. SEIRD model for qatar COVID-19 outbreak: A case study. 2020.

47. Alsofayan YM, Althunayyan SM, Khan AA, Hakawi AM, Assiri AMJJoI, Health P. Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia: A national Retrospective Study. 2020;13(7):920-925.

48. Wong JE, Leo YS, Tan CCJJ. COVID-19 in Singapore—current experience: critical global issues that require attention and action. 2020;323(13):1243-1244.

49. Zadnik V, Mihor A, Tomsic S, et al. Impact of COVID-19 on cancer diagnosis and management in Slovenia–preliminary results. 2020;54(3):329.

50. Pramanik M, Udmale P, Bisht P, Chowdhury K, Szabo S, Pal IJIjoehr. Climatic factors influence the spread of COVID-19 in Russia. 2020:1-15.

51. Hâncean M-G, Perc M, Lerner JJRSos. Early spread of COVID-19 in Romania: imported cases from Italy and human-to-human transmission networks. 2020; 7(7):200780.

52. Arndt C, Davies R, Gabriel S, et al. Covid-19 lockdowns, income distribution, and food security: An analysis for South Africa. 2020; 26:100410.

53. Choi JYJPmj. COVID-19 in South Korea. 2020;96(1137):399-402.

54. Domínguez‐Gil B, Coll E, Fernández‐Ruiz M, et al. COVID‐19 in Spain: Transplantation in the midst of the pandemic. 2020; 20(9): 2593-2598.

55. Tokuç B, Varol GJBmj. Medical education in Turkey in time of COVID-19. 2020;37(4):180.

56. Joob B, Wiwanitkit VJJoHI. COVID-19 in medical personnel: observation from Thailand. 2020;104(4):453.

57. Tan LT-H, Letchumanan V, Ser H-L, et al. PMMB COVID-19 Bulletin: United Kingdom (22nd April 2020). 2020;3(1).

58. Cluver L, Lachman JM, Sherr L, et al. Parenting in a time of COVID-19. 2020;395(10231).

59. Kansiime MK, Tambo JA, Mugambi I, Bundi M, Kara A, Owuor CJWd. COVID-19 implications on household income and food security in Kenya and Uganda: Findings from a rapid assessment. 2021; 137:105199.

60. Nguyen TH, Vu DCJTm, disease i. Summary of the COVID-19 outbreak in Vietnam–Lessons and suggestions. 2020; 37:101651.

61. Mackworth-Young CR, Chingono R, Mavodza C, et al. Community perspectives on the COVID-19 response, Zimbabwe. 2021;99(2):85.

62. Xiao Y, Torok MEJTLID. Taking the right measures to control COVID-19. 2020;20(5):523-524.

63. Jarvis CI, Van Zandvoort K, Gimma A, et al. Quantifying the impact of physical distance measures on the transmission of COVID-19 in the UK. 2020;18(1):1-10.

64. GÜNER HR, Hasanoğlu İ, Aktaş FJTJoms. COVID-19: Prevention and control measures in community. 2020;50(SI-1):571-577.

65. Balachandar V, Mahalaxmi I, Kaavya J, et al. COVID-19: emerging protective measures. 2020; 24(6): 3422-3425.

66. Soo RJJ, Chiew CJ, Ma S, Pung R, Lee VJEid. Decreased influenza incidence under COVID-19 control measures, Singapore. 2020; 26(8):1933.

Received on 19.08.2021 Modified on 23.10.2021

Asian J. Res. Pharm. Sci. 2022; 12(1):62-74.

DOI: 10.52711/2231-5659.2022.00012