INTRODUCTION:

Anticoagulants, also known as blood thinners, these are the chemical substances that prevent coagulation of blood. Coagulation is also known as clotting, it is the process of conversion of liquid blood into the gel form. Anticoagulants are used by one who is at the risk of devoloping blood clots in their body. Blood clots in the body may cause serious problems such as heart attacks, strokes, ischemic heart disease, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism.

These are the main causes of morbidity and mortality in the world.¹ For the treatment of such diseases plant extracts have been used which shows anticoagulant activity. The plants discussed in this review has a good anticoagulant activity. The plants are as like Thymus atlanticus, Selaginella, Terminalia belerica, Tulbaghia violacae, Tridax procumbens, Porana volubilis, Panax notoginseng, Petroselinum crispum, Leucas indica, Macroalga ulva, Jatropha curcas, Jatropha gossypifolia, Green and Brown algae, Grape seed, Gracilaria debilis, Ferulago carduchoram, Erigeron canadensis, Fagonia arabica, Codium fragile, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, Bauhinia forficate, Careya arborea, Artemisia dracunculus, Angelica shikokiana, Syzygium cumini, Melastoma malabathricum, Rhaponticum acaule, Cinnamomum cassia.

ANTICOAGULANT HERBAL DRUGS:

Thymus atlanticus:

Thymus atlanticus belonging to family lamiaceae, it is native to morocco and used in the folk medicine for thrombosis and other cardiovascular diseases. It is also used as anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antioxidant, antimicrobial activity. Mainly the aerial part of this plant is collected during flowering period and extract of these aerial parts were used for the estimation of anticoagulant activity. The extract obtained by decoction method is used and it shown efficient anticoagulant and antioxidant activity.²

Selaginella (sanjeevini):

It is also known as sanjeevini. The biological source of the plant is Selaginella byopteris belonging to family selaginellaceae. Selaginella plant is abundantly available, ecofriendly, biodegradable and non-toxic in nature. Leaf extract is used for the synthesis of green silver nanoparticles. These green nanoparticles subjected to anticoagulant activity and it was found to be positive. These nanoparticles also showed strong antimicrobial, antifungal and antiplatelete activity.³

Terminalia belerica:

It is commonly known as behada. It is also used in Trifala churna, shows the properties like hair care, in headache, leucorrhea, as laxative, etc. It is powerful rejuvinative herb which provides nourishment to lungs, voice, eyes and throat. It also produces effects like antihelmintic, astringent, expectorant, antiseptic. Terminalia belerica belonging to family combratiaceae. The extract of fruits of this plant shows the anti thromotic and thrombolytic activity.⁴

Tulbaghia violaceae:

It is small bulbous herbs belonging to family Alliaceae. It is native from south Africa. Mainly used in south Africa for treatment of hypertension, asthma, cold, fever, paralysis. Aqueous & methanolic extract of leaf & bulb shows anticoagulant property. Same extract also, show antithrombotic activity.⁵

Tridax procumbens:

It is commonly known as ‘Ghamra’ in hindi and ‘Coat buttons’ in English. Tridax procumbens belongs to the asteraceae family. It is used for jaundice and liver disorders. It is extensively usedin Indian folk medicines

As antifungal, antibacterial, insect repellent, in diarrhea and dysnentry. It also posseses wound healing and hair

growth properties. The sulphated polysaccharides derived from tridax procumbens shows the excellent anticoagulant activity. This drug can be used in anticoagulant therapy.⁶

Porana volubilis:

It is also called horse tail creeper. Porana volubilis belongs to family convolvulaceae. It is aclimber creeper with hairless, warted branches. The nonsulphated polysaccharide obtained fromporana volubilis which acts as catalyst of hrobin inhibition by the heparin cofactor II. Hence it shows antocoagulant activity.⁷

Panax notoginseng:

Panax notoginseng belongs to the family araliaceae. It is the most important medicinal herb inChinese system of

medicine. The panax notoginseng found in mainly two different forms i.e. rawand steamed form. The raw panax

notoginseng shows medicinal activities like reduction of blood pressure, lowering blood cholesterol, in the treatment or prevention of cardiovasculariseases and also shows antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects. The steamed or processed notoginsend is claimed to show nourishing effect to the blood cells. The common species of panax affects platelete aggregation and coagulation differently, but the root extract of steamedpanax notoginseng shows the greatest antiplatelete and anticoagulant activity as compared toother species.⁸

Petroselinum crispum:

It is commonly known as parsley in morocco. The petroselinum crispum belongs to the familyapiaceae. In morocco it is used medicinally to treat cardiovascular diseases, diabetis, renaldiseases. The aqueous leaf extract of the parsley shown the inhibition of platelete agreegation in vivo which demonstrate the anticoagulant activity of the plant. To ormalize the plateletehyperactivation, the dietary intake of parsley may be benificial.⁹

Leucus indica:

Leucus indica belongs to family Lamiaceae.Commonaly known as Guma, tumba. It is traditionally used in the region of Uttarakhand as a wound healer. Leaves are also used as stomachic, vermifuge, sedative & in sores this plant widely used in psoriasis, chronic skineruptions & painfull swelling, also used in jaundice, inflammation, asthma, dyspepsia, fever&cold, snake bites& scorpion stings. Leaf extract of L. indica shows thrombolytic activity& also show anticoagulant property.¹⁰

Macroalga ulva rigida:

Marine macroalgae have several industrial application Ulva rigida belongs to family Ulvaceae. The sulfated polysaccharides from macroalgae shows various biological activities like anticoagulant, antioxidant, antiviral, antitumor. Sulfation of polysaccharides is necessary for anticoagulant activity.¹¹

Jatropha curcas:

Jatropha curcas is shrub belonging to family Euphorbiaceae. It is widely distributed in tropical regions of Africa. Ethanomedicinally the leaves and roots of the plant is used as an abortifacient, for cancer therapy, as diuretic, haemostatic and purgative. It is traditionally used in the treatment of burns, convulsions, fever and inflammation. The Jatropha curcas latex shows the anticoagulant activity.¹²

Jatropha gossypifolia:

Jatropha gossypifolia is a medicinal plant belonging to family Euphorbiaceae. It is generally found in brazil and it is worldwide known as “bellyache bush”. It is widely distributed in the tropical regions of the Africa and America. Leaves, stem, roots and latex of the plant is medicinally active. This plant shows the antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, haemostatic, antianemic applications. The aqueous crude extract obtained by decoction method shown the anticoagulant activity which was confirmed by pTTT test.¹³

Green and Brown algae:

The various species of the brown and green algae were isolated and extracted using the hot water. The extracts were subjected to APTT assay and their anticoagulant efficacy was determined. Some algal extracts show the anticoagulant activity through sulphated polysaccharides some shows through proteins and glycoprotein like compounds. M. nitidum, C. fragile, L. ochotensis, H. fusiformis, S. horneri, S. siliquastrum and M. myagroides shown highest potential for the anticoagulant activity.¹⁴

Grape seed:

It is the berries of plant Vitis vinifera belonging to family vitacacae. From the ancient time it is consumed as a fruit. It is a promising neutraceutical for CVS.Grape seed also shows cardioprotective, antitumor, immunomodulator and antioxidant activities. The commercial extract of Vitis vinifera shown promising anticoagulant activity.¹⁵

Gracilaria debilis:

Gracilaria debilis is a marine macroalgae belonging to family gracilariaceae. The sulfated polysaccharides of Gracilaria shows antitumour, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antiviral, antibacterial and antilipidemic. The sulphated polysaccharide extract shows potent anticoagulant activity, sulphated polysaccharide extract was obtained from depigmented algae (Gracilaria debilis).¹⁶

Ferulago carduchoram:

Ferulago carduchoram belongs to family Apiacae. It is commonly known as Chavil in Persian language. It is mainly grown in west of Iran.Locally Ferulago carduchoram added to oil, ghee & dairy products as preservative. This plant reported traditionally as sedative digestive, tonic & aphrodisiac property & also used for the treatment of ulcer, snake bite, intestinal worms, headache & hemorrhoids. Methanolic extract of aerial parts of Ferulago carduculam prepaired & from which coumarins were isolated. The isolated coumarins is mainly responsible for anticoagulant activity.¹⁷

Erigeron canadensis:

Erigeron Canadensis also known as Conyza Canadensis. The blossoming parts are used in folk medicine. Mainly lowering part of Erigeron Canadensis have medicinal activity like astringent, anthelmintic, diuretic & antidiarrhoeic. The aqueous extract have rich antioxidant & antiplatelt comp. The extract of flowering parts of this plant shown anticoagulant activity but it was lower than the well known anticoagulant heparin.¹⁸

Fagonia arabica:

Fagonia arabica belongs to family zygophyllaceae. It is a small spiny undershrub with more or less prostrate, branches. Mainly found in Deccan & northwest India.Traditionally it is used as a deobstruent & blood purifier. It also posses thrombolytic, antioxidant, mollucidal activities & also used in liver empowerment, cancer treatment. This is a better & cheaper natural source of anticoagulant, because of its abundant availability & extraction process is simple.¹⁹

Codium fragile:

It is commonly known as green sea fingers, dead man’s fingers. It is the species of seaweed belonging to the family Codiaceae. It is originated from pacificocean near japan. Generally sulfated polysaccharides like heparin and heparan sulphate from algal extracts shown the anticoagulant activity. The Codium fragile species of seaweed shown the anticoagulant activity.²⁰

Cyamopsis tetragonoloba:

Cyamopsis tetragonoloba is commonly known as gaur, gavar, gavar beans. It is belonging to family Fabaceae. Commercial preparation of gaur acts as source of galactomann from Cyamopsis tetragonoloba. The individual polysaccharide were isolated using conventional methods. This plant shown the anticoagulant activity by exhibiting anti-thrombin activity.²¹

Bauhinia forficate:

It is commonly known as Brazilian orchid tree. Bauhinia forficate belongs to the family fabaceae and it is native to asia. Aqueous extract of Bauhinia forficata and from which thrombin like serine protease enzyme was isolated. The enzyme shown anticoagulant and fibrinolytic activity against Bothrops jararacussu venom.²²

Careya arborea:

Careya arborea also known as khumbhi, belongs to the family Lecythidaceae. Careya arborea indicated for dyspepsia, cough, epilepsy, ulcer, wound, snake bite, fistula, etc. The methanolic extract of careya arborea bark evaluated for its anticoagulant activity by using activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, and thrombin time. And it found to be almost equivalent to response of warfarin.²³

Artemisia dracunculus:

Artemisia dracunculus is also known as estragon, belonging to family Asteraceae. It has been shown effect on cardiovascular system. The leaf extract of Artemisia dracunculus was prepared, which contains coumarin compounds that are pharmacologically important. Its anticoagulant activity was confirmed in vitro.²⁴

Angelica shikokiana:

Angelica shikokiana belongs to the family Apiaceae. It is commonly used in japnese folk medicine for the complications of cardiovascular system such as hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, hypertension. The methanolic extract of aerial parts of angelica shikokiana shown the potent anticoagulant and antiplatelete activity.²⁵

Syzygium cumini:

Syzygium cumini also known a java plum, black plum or Malabar plum. It is evergreen plant belonging to family myrtaceae. Traditionally it is used as antioxidant, hypoglycemic and anti-inflammatory. The study concluded that the methanolic extract of leaves of syzygium cumini have anti-thrombin and anti- platelete activity.²⁶

Melastoma malabathricum:

It is a shrub found throughout the asian countries belongs to the family Melastomataceae. This plant accepted as a medicinal plant in folk medicine. Traditionally it is being used to treat diarrhoea, dysentery and wound healing. Hot water leaf extract of this plant significantly shown anticoagulant activity by the prolongation of blood clotting.²⁷

Rhaponticum acaule:

Rhaponticum acaule is perennial herb belonging to family Asteraceae. The dried power of flowering part of the plant is taken and macerated with methanol. The methanolic extract shown the promising activity so the plant can be used as alternative to existing anticoagulants.²⁸

Cinnamomum cassia:

Cinnamon cassia is also known as Chinese cassisa, it belong to the family Lauraceae. Generally the bark is used of this plant as a spice, and for medicinal activities. The extract of the plant shown the strong anti-platelete and anticoagulant activity.²⁹

CONCLUSION:

This review shown there are various potential herbal anticoagulants which show the potent activity as like synthetic drugs with no side effects. Such drugs can be used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases such as thrombosis, but physician should consider possible drug interactions while prescribing these herbal medicines.

REFERENCES:

1. Surjeet k, Lincy J, Mathew G, Sharma A. A review on anticoagulant/antithrombotic activity of natural plants used in traditional medicine. IJPSRR 2011; 8(1):70.

2. Abdelbassat Hmidani, Eimad dine Tariq Bouhlali, Tarik Khouya, Mhamed Ramchoun, Younes Filali-zegzouti, Mohamed Benlyas, Chakib Alem. Effect of extraction methods on antioxidant and anticoagulant activities of Thymus atlanticus aerial part. Scientific African journal 2019; 5.

3. S.S. Dakshayani, M.B. Marulasiddeshwara, M.N. Sharath Kumar, Golla Ramesh, Raghavendra Kumar, S. Devaraja, Rashmi Hosamani. Antimicrobial, anticoagulant and antiplatelet activities of green synthesized silver nanoparticles using Selaginella (Sanjeevini) plant extract. IJBM 2019; 131: 787-797.

4. Ansari V.A, Siddiqui H.H, Singh S.P. Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic activity of Terminalia belerica fruit extracts. RJPBCS 2012; 3(2): 471.

5. Ismaila Raji, Kenechukwu Obikeze, and Pierre Mugabo. Potential Beneficial Effects of Tulbaghia violacea William Henry Harvey (Alliaceae) on Cardiovascular System – A Review. TJPR 2015; 14(6): 1111-1117.

6. Shabeena Yousuf Naqash & R. A. Nazeer. Anticoagulant, Antiherpetic and Antibacterial Activities of Sulphated Polysaccharide from Indian Medicinal Plant Tridax procumbens L. (Asteraceae). 2011; 165: 902-912.

7. Seon-Joo Yoon, Mariana S. Pereira, Mauro S.G. Pava, Jae-Kwan Hwang, Yu-Ryang Pyun, Paulo A.S. Moura. The medicinal plant Porana volubilis contains polysaccharides with anticoagulant activity mediated by heparin cofactor II. Thrombosis research 2002; 106: 51-58

8. Aik-Jiang Lau, Ding-Fung Toh, Tung-Kian Chua, Yun-Keng Pang, Soo-On Woo, Hwee-Ling Koh. Antiplatelet and anticoagulant effects of Panax notoginseng: Comparison of raw and steamed Panax notoginseng with Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolium. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2009; 125: 380-386.

9. Dounia Gadi, Mohamed Bnouham, Mohammed Aziz, Abderrahim Ziyyat, Abdelkhaleq Legssyer, Chantal Legrand, Franc oise Fauvel Lafeve, Hassane Mekhfia. Parsley extract inhibits in vitro and ex vivo platelet aggregation and prolongs bleeding time in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2009; 125: 170-174.

10. Debananda Gogoi, Neha Arora, Bhargab Kalita, Rahul Sarma, Taufikul Islam, Sidhhartha S. Ghosh, Rajlakshmi Devi & Ashis K. Mukherjee. Anticoagulant mechanism, pharmacological activity, and assessment of preclinical safety of a novel fibrin(ogen)olytic serine protease from leaves of Leucas indica. Scientific Reports 2018; 8: 6210.

11. Amandine Adrien, Antoine Bonnet, Delphine Dufour, Stanislas Baudouin, Thierry Maugard and Nicolas Bridiau. Anticoagulant Activity of Sulfated Ulvan Isolated from the Green Macroalga Ulva rigida. Marine drugs 2019; 17: 291.

12. Omolaja Osoniyi, Funmi Onajobi. Coagulant and anticoagulant activities in Jatropha curcas latex. Journal of ethanopharmacology 2003; 89: 101-105.

13. Juliana Felix-Silva, Thiago Souza, Rafael Barros Gomes Camara, Barbara Cabral, Arnobio Antonio Silva-Junior, Ivanise Marina Moretti Rebecchi, et al. In vitro anticoagulant and antioxidant activities of Jatropha gossypiifolia L. (Euphorbiaceae) leaves aiming therapeutical applications. BMC complementary and alternative medicine 2014; 14: 405.

14. Yasantha Athukorala, Ki-Wan Lee, Se-Kwon Kim, You-Jin Jeon. Anticoagulant activity of marine green and brown algae collected from Jeju Island in Korea. Bioresource Technology 2007; 98 :1711–1716.

15. Michal Bijak, Agnieszka Sut, Anna Kosiorek, Joanna Saluk-Bijak and Jacek Golanski. Dual Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Activity of Polyphenolic Grape Seeds Extract. Nutrients 2019; 11: 93.

16. Sadhasivam Sudharsan, Namasivayam Subhapradha, Palaniappan Seedevi, Vairamani Shanmugam, Perumal Madeswaran, Annaian Shanmugam et al. Antioxidant and anticoagulant activity of sulfated polysaccharide from Gracilaria debilis (Forsskal). IJBM 2015; 9: 46.

17. Fereshteh Golfakhrabadi, Mohammad Abdollahi, Mohammad Reza Shams Ardakani, Soodabeh Saeidnia, Tahmineh Akbarzadeh, Amir Nili Ahmadabadi, et al. Anticoagulant activity of isolated coumarins (suberosin and suberenol) and toxicity evaluation of Ferulago carduchorum in rats. Pharmaceutical biology 2014.

18. Izabela Pawlaczyk, Leszek Czerchawski, Wiktor Kuliczkowski, Bożena Karolko, Witold Pilecki Wojciech Witkiewicz, et al. Anticoagulant and anti-platelet activity of polyphenolic-polysaccharide preparation isolated from the medicinal plant Erigeron canadensis L. Thrombosis Research 2011; 127: 328–340.

19. Sweta R. Chourasia, Rajpal Singh Kashyap, Jayant Y. Deopujari, Hemant J. Purohit, Girdhar M. Taori, et al. Effect of Aqueous Extract and Fractions of Fagonia arabica on In Vitro Anticoagulant Activity. CLIN APPL THROMB HEMOST 2013.

20. Kiminori Matsubara. Recent Advances in Marine Algal Anticoagulants. Curr. Med. Chem. – Cardiovascular & Hematological Agents, 2004; 2: 13-19.

21. N. M. Mestechkina, V. D. Shcherbukhin, G. E. Bannikova, V. P. Varlamov, N. N. Drozd, A. S. Tolstenkov, et al. Anticoagulant Activity of Low-molecular-weight Sulfated Derivatives of Galactomannan from Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Seeds. Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology, 2007; 43 (6): 650–654.

22. Clayton Z. Oliveira, Victor A. Maiorano, Silvana Marcussi, Carolina D. Sant’Ana, Ana H. Januario, Miriam V. Lourenc, et al. Anticoagulant and antifibrinogenolytic properties of the aqueous extract from Bauhinia forficata against snake venoms. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2005; 98: 213–216.

23. Kumar B.N Satish, Swamy B.M Vrushabendra, Kumar Goyal Kamal, Behera Gobinda Mohan. Review on Careya Arborea Roxb. IJRAP 2010; 1(2): 306-315.

24. Kemal Duric, Elvira E. Kovac-Besovic, Haris Niksic, Samija Muratovic, Emin Sofic. Anticoagulant activity of some Artemisia dracunculus leaf extracts. Bosn J Basic Med Sci. 2015;15(2) :9-14.

25. Amira Mira, Wael Alkhiary, and Kuniyoshi Shimizu. Antiplatelet and Anticoagulant Activities of Angelica shikokiana Extract and Its Isolated Compounds. Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis 2015.

26. Ahad Abdul Rehman, Azra Riaz, Muhammad Arif Asghar, Muhammad Liaquat Raza, Shadab Ahmed and Kamran Khan. In vivo assessment of anticoagulant and antiplatelet effects of Syzygium cumini leaves extract in rabbits. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2019; 19: 236.

27. Li Teng Khoo, Faridah Abas, Janna Ong Abdullah, Eusni Rahayu Mohd Tohit, and Muhajir Hamid. Anticoagulant Activity of Polyphenolic-Polysaccharides Isolated from Melastoma malabathricum L. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2014.

28. Soulef Benabdesselam, El-Khamssa Guechi and Hidaya Izza.Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Anticoagulant Activities of the Methanolic Extract of Rhaponticum acaule Fruit Growing Wild in Eastern Algeria. Der Pharmacia Lettre, 2018; 10 (1): 1-10.

29. Sun Young Kim, Yean Kyoung Koo, Ja Yong Koo, Tran Minh Ngoc, Sam Sik Kang, KiHwan Bae et al. Platelet Anti-Aggregation Activities of Compounds from Cinnamomum cassia. J Med Food 2010; 13 (5): 1069–1074.

Received on 20.01.2020 Modified on 10.02.2020

Asian J. Res. Pharm. Sci. 2020; 10(1):51-55.

DOI: 10.5958/2231-5659.2020.00010.7