INTRODUCTION:

The word Helminths is derived from the Greek word “helmins” which means “worm”. Helminth are parasitic worms referring to various types of parasitic worms that live in the body [1]. Soil-transmitted helminths infection is the most common infection, billion of people worldwide suffer from this infection [2]. Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Nacator amiricanus and Ancylostoma duodenale are the most common parasites [3]. Most people affected by these infection lives in less developed countries of Africa, South America, and South East Asia, where deprivation , along with poor sanitary conditions, give rise to infections with intestinal helminth.

Although not mortal in most cases, these parasites can cause considerable morbidities, such as anaemia and malnutrition, this leading to decreased growth and cognitive retardation, especially in children in endemic countries [4-5]. The World Health Organization disclose that over two billion people are suffering from parasitic worm infections [6] and it is estimated that by the year 2025, about 58% of the population in developing countries will be influenced [7]. Effective treatments are desirable for all people affected by these parasites, the long-term potency remains undetermined and large-scale protective actions also bear the risk of resistances against the respective drugs to emerge [8-10]. This, in turn, will strongly limit the effective use of the very limited number of drugs against soil-transmitted helminths we are mainly relying on, namely albendazole, mebendazole, and levamisole [11]. At present the situation concerning resistances is not as severe as in veterinary medicine, monitoring of the drug potency should be improved and attempt in the development of new drugs be to speed up [12]. Natural products have always been a valuable source for the identification and the development of new drugs against various targets, including helminth. [6,13]. One approach to discovering new drug is the investigation of plants based folk medicine on their traditional usage by an in-vitro verification of their respective bioactivity followed by advanced phytochemical studies leading to an isolation of the potential active principles [13]. The prevalence of parasitic helminths typically displays a negative binomial distribution within an affected population such that relatively few persons carry heavy parasite burdens, without treatment, those peoples are most likely to become ill and to perpetuate infection within their community [14]. Anthelmintics are drugs that act locally to kill or expel worms from the GIT or systemically to eradicate adult helminths [15]. Helminthes infections are now being conceded as the cause of many acute as well as chronic ill healths among the human beings as well as cattles [16]. In most developing and less developed countries, helminth infections are a major health concern because they make humans prone to other infections such as microbial infections [17].

Intestinal infections with worms can more easily treat than those infections that occur in other locations in the body because the worms need to be eliminated by the drug and the drug need not be absorbed when given by oral route [18]. Most of the anthelmintics used nowadays produce side effects such as abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, headache and diarrhoea [19]. Anthelmintics from the natural sources may play a key role in the treatment of these parasite infections [20]. At least 80% of the world’s population in emerging countries uses plant materials as their source of primary health care [21]. Increasing problems of development of resistance in helminths against anthelmintics have led to the proposal of screening traditional folk medicinal plants for their anthelmintic activity [22-23]. Suitable targets in helminths include processes such as neuromuscular coordination, muscular activity, sensory processes, feeding and the regulation of coelomic pressure. There are some potential chemotherapeutic targets which include Energy metabolism, Nutrient uptake, Nucleic acid metabolism, anabolic pathways [24].

The Apiaceae or Umbelliferae also known as carrot family, are a family of mostly aromatic plants with hollow stems. The family is large, with more than three thousand seven hundred species spread across 434 genera. It is the 16th-largest family of flowering plants. Most Apiaceae are annual, biennial or perennial herbs, with the leaves aggregated toward the base, though a minority are shrubs or trees. Carum carvi The plant is similar in appearance to other members of the carrot family, with finely divided, feathery leaves with thread-like divisions, growing on 20–30 cm stems. Caraway fruits are crescent-shaped achenes, around 2 mm long, with five pale ridges. Caraway is a biennial; it has a thick, tapering root like that of a parsnip. The leaves are finely cut and resemble those of carrots but tend to droop more. The tender leaves in spring have been boiled in soup, to give it an aromatic flavour. The flowers, in umbellifer clusters, are white tinged with pink and appear in mid-summer. The stems of the delicate flowers produce seed cases, each containing two seeds. The fruits which are popularly and incorrectly called seeds - and which correspond in general character to those of the other plants of this large family, are laterally compressed, somewhat horny and translucent, slightly curved, and marked with five distinct, pale ridges. They evolve a pleasant, aromatic odour when bruised, and have an agreeable taste. [25-26] Fruit, greenish-brown, slightly curved, elongated, mericarps, usually separate, free from the pedicel, carpophores, up to 7 mm long, 2 mm broad almost equally five sided, narrow, tapering to each end, arcuate, glabrous, brown with five very narrow, yellowish primary ridges' endosperm, orthospermous, odour and taste, aromatic and characteristic.

Fig 1.Seed, leaves and flower of Carum carvi

Native to Europe and West Asia. Now cultivated in Bihar, Orissa, Punjab, Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, and in the hills of Kumaon, Garhwal, Kashmir and Chamba. Also found wild in the North Himalayan regions.Cultivated as a cold season crop in plains of India and as summer crop in hilly areas of Kashmir, Kumaon, Garhwal and Chamba. Carminative, antispasmodic, antimicrobial, expectorant, galactagogue, emmenagogue, antispasmodic, anthelmintic, astringent and used in the treatment of mild digestive disorders, diarrhea, dyspepsia, flatulence, morning sickness, colic, dyspeptic headache and bloating, and are said to promote the assimilation of other herbs and to improve liver function.They have also been used in bronchopulmonary disorders and as a cough remedy, as well as an analgesic. [25]

MATERIAL AND METHOD:

Plant collection and Authentication:

Carum carvi is collected from local market of Chandighar India and authenticated by Dr. Anita Mahiswar, HOD, Dept. of Botany, Govt. Digvijay Autonomous PG College Rajnandgaon C.G. Seeds are collected and air dried then reduced to coarse powder.

Preparation of Extract and Test sample:

Aqueous extract - 50 gm coarse powdered drug was kept for maceration with 400ml of water for 72 hours in a closed flask. The extract filter by vacuum filtration. The filtrate was evaporated, an extract was dried and used. Ethanolic extract - 50 gm coarse powder drug was kept for maceration with 400ml of Ethanol for 72 hours. The extract filter by vacuum filtration. The filtrate was evaporated in a rotary evaporator under reduced pressure until semi-solid extract was obtained; an extract was dried and used. The sample for the experiment was prepared by dissolving extract [Ethanolic and Aqueous extract] of Carum carvi in 2% Tween 80 normal saline suspension to make the concentration of 10 and 20 mg/ml and the volume was adjusted to 10 ml and 15 ml.

Animal:

Indian adult earthworms (Pheretima posthuma) were used to study the anthelminthic activity as these worms resemble both anatomically and physiologically to the intestinal round worms. [31-34] Adult Indian earthworm, Pheretima posthuma, collected from moist soil and washed with normal saline to remove all faecal matter, the earthworms of 4-7 cm in length and 0.1-0.2 cm in width were used for experimental.

Reference standard and Chemicals:

Standard Drug:

Albendazole received from Ankur Drugs And Pharma Ltd. Unit 1 Manakpur, Solan [HP], Tween®80 [Molychem, Mumbai] , Normal Saline [nirlife] purched from a local shop. Standard Albendazole was dissolved in 2% Tween 80 normal saline suspension to make the concentration of 10 and 20 mg/ml and the volume was adjusted 15 ml. Normal saline was taken as control.

Phytochemical screening:

Phytochemical examinations were carried out for all the extracts as per the standard methods[27-30] and result is shown in table 1 .

1. Alkaloid:

a. Dragendorff’s reagent- Alkaloid gives the reddish brown precipitate with Dragendroff’s reagent.

b. Mayer’s reagent- Alkaloid give the cream colour precipitate with Mayer’s reagent.

c. Wagner’s reagent- Alkaloids give the reddish brown precipitate with Wagner’s reagent.

d. Hager’s reagent- Alkaloid gives the yellow precipitate with Hager’s reagent.

e. Tannic acid test- Alkaloids gives buff colour with tannic acid.

2. Amino acid:

a. Millon’s test- To the test solution add about 2ml of Millon’s reagent white precipitate indicate the presence of amino acid.

b. Ninhydrine Test- To the test solution add Ninhydrine solution, boil violet colour indicate the presence of amino acid.

3. Proteins:

a. Warming Test- Heat the solution over boiling water bath, protein gets co-agulated.

b. Biuret test- To the test solution about 2 ml add 2ml biuret solution violet colour indicate the presence of protein.

c. Hydrolysis test- Hydrolyze the test solution with the hydrochloric acid or sulphuric acid then carry out Ninhydrine test for amino acid.

d. Xanthoproteic test- To the 5ml of the test solution, add 1ml of conc. Nitric acid and boil yellow precipitate formed. After cooling it add 40% Sodium hydroxide solution orange colour formed.

4. Starch:

To the Aqueous extract add week aqueous iodine solution blue colour indicate the presence of starch, which disappears on heating and reappears on cooling.

5. Steroids and Triterpenoids:

a. Libermann-Burchard test- Treat the test extract with few drops of acetic anhydeide boil and cool, then add conc. Sulphuric acid by the side of test tube brown colour ring formed at the junction of two layers and the upper layer turn green which show the presence of Steroids, the formation of deep red colour show presence of Triterpenoids.

b. Salkowski test- Treat the solution with few drops of conc. Sulphuric acid red colour at the lower layer shows presence of steroids and yellow colour lower layer indicate the presence of Triterpenoids.

c. Sulphur powder test- Add a small amount of sulphur powder to the test solution it sinks at the bottom.

6. Carbohydrates- Aqueous extract:

a. Molisch’s test- To the test solution add few drop of alcoholic a-naphthol then add few drop of conc. Sulphuric acid through the side of test tube purple to the violet colour ring formed at the junction.

b. Barfoed’s reagent- 1ml of test solution heated with 1ml of Barfoed’s reagent on a water bath if the red cupric oxide is formed, monosaccharide is present, Disaccharide on prolong heating may cause the reduction, owing to partial hydrolysis to monosaccharide.

c. Test for pentose- To the test solution adds an equal volume of hydrochloric acid containing a small amount of Phloroglucinol and heat red colour is produced.

d. Fehlings test- Filtrate were hydrolyse by using dil. HCl then neutralized with 5% solution of Sodium hydroxide and heat with Fehling’s A & B solution formation of red colour precipitate indicate the presence of reducing sugar.

7. Glycoside:

a. General test-

Test A: Extract 200mg of the drug with 5ml of dil. Sulphuric acid by warming on water bath filter it then neutralized with 5% solution of Sodium hydroxide and add 0.1 ml of Fehling’s A & B solution till it becomes alkaline [test with pH paper] and heat on boiling water bath for 2 min note the quantity of red colour precipitate form and compare with of form in test B.

Test B: Aqueous extract 200mg of the drug instead of dil. Sulphuric acid boil, and after boil add equal amount of water instead of 5% solution of Sodium hydroxide used in test A Now add 0.1 ml of Fehling’s A & B solution till it become alkaline [test with pH paper] and heat on boiling water bath for 2 min note the quantity of red colour precipitate form and compare with precipitate form in test A. If precipitate of test A is greater test B then glycoside may be present. Since Test B represent the amount of reducing sugar in crude drug whereas test A represents free reducing sugar plus those related on acid hydrolysis of any glycoside in the crude drug.

b. Anthraquinone glycoside–

Modified Bortrager’s test- Boil 200mg of test material with 2ml of dil. Sulphuric acid treat it with 2ml of 5% aqueous Ferric Chloride solution freshly prepared , for 5 min, shake it with the equal volume of chloroform, separate the lower layer of chloroform and shake it with half of its volume of dil. Ammonia. A rose pink to the red colour produced in Ammoniacal layer.

c. Test for Hydroxy- Anthraquinone- Treat the test solution with potassium hydroxide solution red colour is produced.

8. Cardiac Glycoside:

a. Keller-Killiani test- Extract the drug with chloroform and evaporate to dryness. Add 0.4 ml of glacial acetic acid containing a trace amount of Ferric Chloride. Transfers to a small test tube add carefully 0.5ml of conc. Sulphuric acid by the side of test tube Acetic acid layer turn blue colour.

b. Legal’s test- Treat the solution with pyridine and add alkaline sodium nitroprusside solution red colour appear.

c. Baljet’s test- Treat the solution with picric acid or sodium picrate orange colour is formed.

9. Cyanogenetic glycoside:

Place 200mg of drug in a conical flask and moisten with few drop of water. [There should be no free liquid at the bottom of flask as the test will not work because the hydrogen cyanide produce will dissolve in water rather than come off as a gas to react with the paper] moisten a piece of picric acid paper with 5% aqueous Sodium carbonate solution and suspend by mean of cork in the neck of flask. Warm gently at 39o C, observe the change in colour Hydro-cyanide is liberated from Cyanogenetic glycoside by the enzyme activity and react with sodium picrate to form the reddish purple sodium isopurpurate.

10. Saponins:

a. Froth test- Extract were dil. With distilled water to 20ml & this was shaken in a graduated cylinder for 15 min formation of 1 cm layer of foam indicate the presence of saponin.

b. Foam test- 0.5 mg of extract was shaken with 2ml of water. If foam produces persist for 10 min. indicate the presence of saponin.

11. Flavonoid:

a. Alkaline Reagent test- To the test solution add few drop of sodium hydroxide solution intense yellow colour formed which turn colourless an addition of few drop of dil. Acid [ hydrochloric or sulphuric acid ] indicate the presence of flavonoids.

b. Zinc hydrochloride test – To the test solution add a mixture of zinc dust and conc. HCl give red colour in few min.

12. Diterpenes:

The extract was dissolved in water and treat with3-4 drop of copper acetate solution formation of emerald colour indicate the presence of diterpenes.

13. Volatile Oil:

To the thin section of drug add Sudan Ш solution red colour obtain by globules indicate the presence of volatile oil.

14. Tannins and Phenolic Compound:

a. Gelatine test: To the test solution add 1%gelatine solution containing 10% sodium chloride precipitate formed.

b. Ferric Chloride: Treat the extract with Ferric Chloride solution blue colour appears if hydrostabal Tannins are present, Green colour appear if condense Tannins are present.

c. Test for catechin: Dip the match stick in the test solution, dry it and lastly moisten with conc. Hydrochloric acid. Then warm the stick near flame the colour of the wood changes to pink due to phloroglucinol [ phloroglucinol is formed when catechin are treated with acid]

d. Test forchlorogenic acid: Treat the solution with aqueous ammonia and expose to air green colour is developed.

15.Naphthoquinones:

a. Juglone test – To the chloroform extract add 2ml of ethyl ether with dil. Ammonia solution pink colour indicate Naphthoquinones.

b. Dam-Karrer test – To the chlorofomic plant extract add 10% potassium hydroxide solution blue colour develop.

Anthelmintic Activity:

Anthelmintic activity of Ethanolic extract and Aqueous extract from the fruit commonly known as seeds of plant Carum carvi were evaluated on Indian adult earthworms (Pheretima posthuma) . Indian adult earthworms (Pheretima posthuma) were used to study the anthelminthic activity as these worms resemble both anatomically and physiologically to the intestinal round worms [31-34], earthworms of 4-7 cm in length and 0.1-0.2 cm in width were used for experimental The earthworms were collected from moist soil and washed with normal saline to remove all faecal matter, and are divided into the group of seven each containing five earthworms for each extract of all seeds. All extract were dissolved in 2% Tween 80 normal saline suspension to make a concentration of 10 and 20 mg/ml and the volume was adjusted to 10 ml and 15 ml. Standard Albendazole was dissolved in 2% Tween 80 normal saline suspension to make the concentration of 10 and 20 mg/ml and the volume was adjusted 15 ml. Normal saline was taken as control. All the test solutions and standard drug solutions were prepared freshly before the commencement of the experiment. Washed earthworm are released in petri dish of different concentration [i.e. 10 & 20 mg/ml] and different volume [i.e. 10 & 15 ml].

The observation value is observed in five observations. Five worms of about same size per petri dish were used. The time taken for complete paralysis and death of individual worms were recorded. The time taken for worm to become complete motionless was noted as time of paralysis and time of death was concluded when the worms lost their motility when dipped in warm water [50 ° C ]followed with fading away of their body color and by applying frequent outer stimuli which stimulate or induce movement in earthworm if alive. The mean of time of paralysis and time of death was recorded.

RESULT:

Table1 Show results of phytochemical screening of Carum carvi .

S. No	Test	C. carvi
1.	ALKALOID	Aq.	E
a.	Dragendorff’s reagent	-	+
b.	Mayer’s reagent	-	+
c.	Wagner’s reagent	-	+
d.	Hager’s reagent	-	+
e.	Tannic Acid Test	-	-
2	AMINO ACID
a.	Millon’s Test	+	+
b.	Ninhydrine Test	+	+
3.	PROTEIN
a.	Warming Test	-	-
b.	Biuret Test	-	-
c.	Hydrolysis Test	-	-
d.	Xanthoproteic Test	-	-
4.	STARCH	-	-
5.	STEROID AND TRITERPENOIDS
a.	Libermann-Burchard Test	+	+
b.	Salkowski Test	+ yellow	+ yellow
c.	Sulfur Powder Test	+	+
6.	CARBOHYDRATE Aqueous Extract only
a.	Molish Test	+	-
b.	Barford Test	+	-
c.	Test For Pentose	+	-
d.	Fehling’s Test	+	-
7.	GLYCOSIDE
a.	General Test	+	+
b.	Modified Borntrager Test	+	+
c.	Test for Hydroxy-Anthraquinone	-	-
8.	CARDIAC GLYCOSIDE
a.	Keller Killiani Test	+	+
b.	Legals Test	+	+
c.	Baljets Test	+	+
9.	COUMARIN GLYCOSIDE	+	+
10.	CYNOGENETIC GLYCOSIDE	-	-
11.	SAPONIN
a.	Forth Test	+	+
b.	Fome	+	+
12.	FLAVONOID
a.	Alkaline Reagent Test	+	+
b.	Zinc Hydro-cholride Test	+	+
13.	DITERPENS	-	-
14.	VOLATILE OIL	+
15.	TANNINS AND PHENOLIC COMPOUND
a.	Gelatine Test	+	+
b.	Ferric Chloride Test	+ Green	+ Green
C	Test for catechin	-	-
D	Test for chlorogenic acid	-	-
16	NAPHTHOQUINONES
a.	Juglone Test	-	-
b.	Dam-Karrer Test	-	-

DISCUSSION:

The in-vitro assays to screen the anthelmintic properties of plant extracts has main advantages that they are less in cost and rapid result allow the screening of plants at large scale . In addition, these tests measured the effect of anthelmintic activity directly on the parasites without interfering the internal physiological functions of the host [34]. The higher activity of the ethanolic extracts as compared to the aqueous extract can be credited to the presence of higher amounts of phenolic compound as compared to aqueous extracts.The more useful explanation for the reduction in activity of aqueous extract is due to the enzyme polyphenol oxidase, which degrades polyphenols in water extracts, whereas in ethanol they are inactive. Moreover, water is a better medium for the growth of the micro-organisms as compared to ethanol [35]. Higher concentrations of bioactive flavonoid compounds are seen in ethanol due to its higher polarity [36]. Also, ethanol was found easier to penetrate the cellular membrane to extract the intracellular ingredients from the plant material [37]. Earthworms have an ability to move by ciliary movement. The outer layer of the earthworm is mucilaginous and made up of complex polysaccharides. This layer being slippery, allow the earthworm to move freely. Any damage to the mucopolysaccharide membrane will reveal the outer layer and this confined its movement and can cause paralysis and this action may lead to the death of the worm by causing damage to the mucopolysaccharide layer [14, 38]. All anthelmintics generally kill worms by either starving them to death or paralyzing them. As worms have no means of energy storing, they have to eat continuously to meet their metabolic needs. Any disruption in this process results in energy reduction and interfering with feeding for 24 hours or less is sufficient to kill most adult parasites. Parasites will also die if they become paralyzed and temporarily lose their ability to maintain their position in the gut [39]. The possible mechanism of action of phytochemicals is- Tannins may interfere with energy generation by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation [40-42]. Another possible mechanism of action is that they bind to free proteins in the gastrointestinal tract of the host animal or to glycoprotein on the cuticle of the parasite and by this cause death.

Alkaloids act on central nervous system of helminths and caused paralysis of the worm [43]. Steroidal alkaloid oligoglycosides may inhibit the transfer of sucrose from the stomach to the small intestine which could diminish the support of glucose to helminthes along with its antioxidant effect which is capable of reducing the nitrate generation (which can be used in the protein synthesis) as well as the possible inflammatory effect induced by the extract in the gastric and intestinal mucosal which could interfere in local homeostasis which is necessary for the development of helminthes [44]. A Recent research addressed that the main biological activity ascribed to saponins was their membrane permeabilizing property. The main actions considered were changes in membrane permeability and pore formation, which is similar to the common anthelmintic drugs such as praziquantel. That is, they would affect the permeability of the cell membrane of the parasites and causes vacuolation and disintegration of monogenea teguments [45]. The preliminary phytochemical screening of Carum carvi revealed the presence of Alkaloids, Amino Acid, Steroid, Carbohydrate, Glycoside, Cardiac glycoside, Saponin .Flavonoid, Tannin and phenolic compound. The anthelmintic activity of Carum carvi might be due to the presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins and phenolic compound. The possibal mechanism of action for phytochemicals are-

Alkaloids:

which have ability to Intercalates with the DNA synthesis of parasites [46]. Acts on CNS and causes paralysis of worms [44].Possess anti-oxidating effects, thus reduces nitrate generation which is useful for the synthesis of protein and hence interfering with local homeostasis of worms [47]. Transcuticular diffusion is a common means of transport to enter into helminth parasites [48] for non-nutrient and non-electrolyte substances in nematodes. It has also been shown that this route is predominant for the uptake of many broad spectrum anthelmintics by different nematode, cestode and trematode parasites. The possible explanation for better anthelmintic activity of ethanolic extract compared to aqueous extract on larvae and adults parasites could be due to easier transcuticular absorption [49].

Tannins:

The anthelmintic effects of tannins may be attributed to its capacity to bind free protein available in the tubes for larval nutrition and thus minimize nutrient availability could have resulted in larval starvation or decrease in gastrointestinal metabolism thus causing larval death. Increases supply of digestible proteins by animals by forming protein complex compound in rumen. Binds to free proteins in G.I.T of host animal or cuticle of parasite. Interferes with energy generation by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation. React with nematode.s cuticle and toughens the skin thus leading to paralysis.Tannin may Causes a decrease in G.I. metabolism resulting in secretion of mucous and chemicals harmful to parasite. [50-51]

Phenolic Compound:

Interface with the energy generation and Uncoupling the oxidative phosphorylation thus Interfere with glycoprotein of cell surface [52].

Saponins - Possesses membrane permeabilizing properties. Changes membrane permeability and pore formation of cell membrane of parasites lead to vacuolization and disintegration of monogenea teguments[45].

Steroidal Alkaloid - Suppresses transfer of sucrose from stomach to small intestine, thus diminishing the support of glucose to the helminths. [44] The possible explanation for the better activity of the alcoholic extract compared to the aqueous extract on adult parasites in the current study could be due to easier transcuticular absorption of the alcoholic extracts into the body of the parasite than the aqueous extracts. In general, alcoholic extracts of plants contain some non-polar organic chemicals with lower polarity than the aqueous extracts, rendering them more lipid soluble than the aqueous extracts and hence better anthelmintic activity. Lipophilic anthelmintics have a greater capability to cross the external surface of the helminths than the hydrophilic compounds [53] Albendazole are broad spectrum oral anthelmintic its mechanism of action is through inhibiting microtubule synthesis thus irreversibly imparing glucose uptake, as a result, intestinal parasites are immobilized or die slowly [54]. Possible mechanism of action of Phytochemical present in the extract of Carum carvi as Anthelmintics.

1. Phenolic compound in carum carvi extract may interface with energy generation uncoupling the oxidative interfere with glycoprotein of cell surface produce anthelmintic activity.

2. Tannins present in arum carvi extract may bind to free protein In the gastrointestinal tract of animal on the cuticle of the parasite anthelmintic activity.

3. Steroidal alkaloid present in Carum carvi extract suppress the transfer of sucrose Diminishes the glucose support anthelmintic activity.

4. Alkaloids present in Carum carvi extract central nervous system paralysis cause helminthe death.

5. Antioxidant effect of Carum carvi extract reducing the nitrate generation interfere in local homeostasis helmiths death

CONCLUSION:

It can be concluded that active constituents responsible for anthelmintic activity are present in the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of seeds of Carum carvi . Further work will emphasize the isolation and characterization of active principles responsible for anthelmintic activity of seeds extracts of Carum carvi.

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Received on 23.11.2016 Accepted on 19.12.2016

Asian J. Res. Pharm. Sci. 2016; 6(4): 246-254.

DOI: 10.5958/2231-5659.2016.00036.9

S.No	Plant Name	Aqueous Extract				Aqueous Extract
		10mg/ml volume taken 10 ml		10mg/ml volume taken 15 ml		20mg/ml volume taken 10 ml		20mg/ml volume taken 15 ml
		Time of paralysis	Time of Death	Time of paralysis	Time of Death	Time of paralysis	Time of Death	Time of paralysis	Time of Death
1.	*Carum* *carvi*	56.8922 ±0.328347	71.8144 ±0.35909	54.3944 ±0.172741	70.2464 ±0.150128	28.88 ±0.28249	53.2584 ±0.236448	26.2574 ±0.179535	51.1258 ±0.081943
2.	Standard Albendazole			11.2872 ±0.221321	27.305 ±0.252536			7.1942 ±0.1187	22.4684 ±0.116991

S.No	Plant Name	Ethanolic Extract				Ethanolic Extract
		10mg/ml volume taken 10 ml		10mg/ml volume taken 15 ml		20mg/ml volume taken 10 ml		20mg/ml volume taken 15 ml
		Time of paralysis	Time of Death	Time of paralysis	Time of Death	Time of paralysis	Time of Death	Time of paralysis	Time of Death
3.	*Carum* *carvi*	7.0528 ±0.287815	20.3972 ±0.211992	5.5112 ±0.050231	16.504 ±0.084581	5.1026 ±0.069795	16.1774 ±0.133534	4.1018 ±0.070723	15.4216 ±0.120836
8.	Standard Albendazole			11.2872 ±0.221321	27.305 ±0.252536			7.1942 ±0.1187	22.4684 ±0.116991

ABSTRACT: