Herbal Folk Remedies in cure of Arthritis by Ethnic communities in Madhya Pradesh, India

 

Dr. Rajiv Rai

Scientist F, Tropical Forest Research Institute (Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education), Jabalpur

 

ABSTRACT:

The study was conducted in pockets of Madhya Pradesh having pre- dominance of ethnic communities comprising of Gond, Baiga, Bediya, Bhil, Bhilala, Bhariya, Korku, Pardhi Kol, Mawasi, Patni (sub- group of Gond tribes) and Padwania (Sub group of Kol tribes) tribes, in districts of Jabalpur, Seoni, Hoshangabad and Chindwara to document plants prevalent in cure of Arthritis. Arthritis is the most common disease causing intolerable pain and inflammation due to abnormal metabolism of uric acid, which are deposited in the cartilage of joints with frequent pains and swelling of joints. The present investigation was carried out in the state of Madhya Pradesh, India during period 2013 September to 2016 February. The study was conducted by interviews and focus group discussions with local indigenous communities. During the visits a number of traditional herbal healers, elderly person of tribal communities, were contacted and information was collected through interview, observations and discussion held during field survey. The local traditional herbal healers (vaids) had specialized knowledge about availability of these plants (trees, shrubs, herbs, and climbers) as well as their seasonal availability, time of collection and collected roots, leaves, seeds and fruits in cure of ailments known as arthritis and prepared different herbal formulations which varied from locality to locality and one ethic community to other.The study revealed that plants from 32 genera comprising of 22 plant families with 22 prescriptions of herbal folk medicines were prevalent among different ethnic communities as documented from 18 Indigenous and traditional healers locally known as Vaidraj. These vaidraj used different prescription in different pockets within the tribal community as well as varied from one ethnic community to another based on species in abundance in forest and around forest fringes of their habitat.These healers were collecting plants from 32 genera with 22 plant families from 33 species. They used to collect roots, leaves, seeds, fruits, bark and rhizomes and were formulating powder, paste, extract, decoction, juice and oil and were administered on patients suffering from pain in order to cure ailment called as Arthritis. These elderly folk healers as well as members of ethnic communities had vast knowledge about these plants, mode of administration of dose and were using these information since several generations. But during the survey it was revealed that among the younger generation this vital knowledge was declining gradually. The study concludes that herbal folk medicines have been recognised as of great importance in primary health care of ethnic communities across the globe. Plant based traditional knowledge is being used as a tool for search for new sources of drugs in herbal medicines.

 

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION:

India has a rich knowledge on plant based drugs both for use in preventive and curative medicines. The classical work of the “Artharva Veda”, many ancient Indian Scholars like “Charak” ‘Sushrita” and others had played a vital role in describing Indian medicinal Plants. The history of herbal medicines in India is thus very old, perhaps the oldest use of plants in herbal medicine had been documented in Hindu scriptures like Rigveda (4500 -1600 B.C.), Charak Samhita who are known to had accumulated a great amount of knowledge on use of various plant species.The ethnic communities comprises of Gond, Baiga, Bediya, Bhil, Bhilala, Bhariya, Korku, Pardhi tribes been reported to be used in Indian sub-continent, but 500 of them are most commonly employed by different ethnic communities prevailing in the country ^(1). The Indian sub-continent is inhabited by large number of ethnic communities and they live in forest and forest fringe areas ^[2-7]. These communities are mostly unable to access formal heath system from government dispensaries and hospitals, on account of being inhabited in remote hilly terrain with lack of accessibility due to lack of roads and transportation facility in remote areas, high cost of modern medicine, lack of hospitals and they still fully or partially depend on the medicinal plants of their surrounding areas for health care ^[7-10].

 

The Indian state of Madhya Pradesh where present study had been carried out, is inhabited by large number of tribal communities various tribal communities constituting about 20.8% of its total population in Madhya Pradesh as tribal's. These communities, who are known to have accumulated vast knowledge on use of medicinal plants and their parts with variety of forest types in agro- climatic zones which support various medicinal plants ^[11-14].

 

The floristic study of herbal plants in Madhya Pradesh have been carried out by numerous ethnobotanist's ^[15-34]. These studies revealed that folk healers collected medicinal plants and have inherited the art of healing, curing the patients from use of herbal medicines prepared from medicinal and aromatic plants of their different parts such as root, rhizome, stem, leaves, flowers, fruits, bark etc. making different formulations of such plants having medicinal value are used by traditional healers. The information documented in present study had not been reported by any of the published literature cited in review.

 

MATERIALS AND METHODS :

a) Data collection :

Ethno- medicinal data was collected in four tribal dominated districts of Jabalpur, Seoni, Chhattarpur and Satna in states of Madhya Pradesh. The present investigation was carried out in states of Madhya Pradesh during period 2013 September to 2016 February. The study was conducted by interviews and focus group discussions with local indigenous communities. During the visits a number of traditional herbal healers, elderly person of tribal communities, were contacted and information was collected through interview, observations and discussion held during field survey.

 

b) Documentation of medicinal plants :

The information from Local Traditional healers and local community was collected during periodic field survey being carried out in study area identified based on distribution pattern of ethnic communities having folk knowledge.

 

The local vaidraj or traditional healers and people inhabitants in districts of Jabalpur, Seoni, Chhattarpur and Satna as observed during survey conducted are in use of medicinal plants growing around their habitat in vicinity of forests. These medicinal plants were collected from wild. The local traditional herbal healers (vaids) had specialized knowledge about availability of these plants (trees, shrubs, herbs, and climbers) as well as their seasonal availability, time of collection and collected roots, leaves, seeds and fruits in cure of various ailments including pains such as arthritis and prepared herbal formulations for use as shown in Fig-1 to Fig- 4.

 

c) Interview with Informants of knowledge:

The informants were asked about ethno- botanical uses from 18 respondents habitat in districts of Jabalpr, Seoni, Chhattarpur and Satna comprising of local vaidraj, traditional healers for 22 prescription as presented in table 1 for the ethno- botanical data (Local name of plant, Family, plant part used, formulation in medicine in cure of arthritis and were recorded for descriptive response. The information is presented in table-1. More over, these findings indicate awareness about folk medicines and respondents cured.

 

During the visits a rapport was made with number of elderly person of tribal communities as well as traditional herbal healers, who were contacted to collect the information and interviewed. The discussion revealed local name of species, plant part used, formulation of herbal drug used by traditional healers and tribal communities. The specimens were collected, processed and identified with help of flora.

 

d) Data analysis :

Interviews and group discussions were conducted to gather information on plant uses, parts used, and modes of utilization. A checklist was developed and used to determine what species were used to treat what kinds of diseases/disorders. Special attention was paid to record information from local vaidys, ojha and traditional herbal healers. The information recorded in field were further screened in laboratory as per work carried out pertaining to Indian ethno-botany ^{[23, 24, 35-39 ]} and information unreported or unpublished are presented in table -1.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION :

The present investigation revealed that plants from 32 genera comprising of 22 families Anacardiaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Apiaceae, Burseraceae, Cactaceae, Celastraceae, Combretaceae, Convolvulaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Liliaceae, Lythraceae, Meliacea., Moraceae, Myristicaceae, Piperaceae, Rhamnaceae, Solanceae, Scrophulariaceae, Verbenaceae and Zingiberaceae had been documented as medicnally valuable plants prevalent in cure of Arthritis a prevalent among Kol, Mawasi, Patni (sub- group of Gond tribes), Padwania (Sub group of Kol tribes), Gond, Baiga, Bediya, Bhil, Bhilala, Bhariya, Korku and Pardhi tribes.

 

The information on use wild plants reveals that tribals use many plants and their parts as bulbs, roots tubers, leaves, flowers and whole plant in the form of pastes, decoction, powder and gum exudates of plants, mode of administration and preparation of herbal drugs in cure of Arthritis as presented in table-1.

 

Table -1 Plants used in cure of Arthritis in Madhya Pradesh

S. no	Scientific Name	Local Name	Habit	Family Name	Plants Parts use	Formulation use	Method of preparation and and mode of administration
1	Urginea indica (Roxb.) Kunth.	Van Pyaj	Herbs	Liliaceae	Rhizome	Paste	Rhizome of Urginea indica are collected dried and paste is prepared. Prepared paste is mixed in water and is orally administered externally on body to patient in cure of Arthritis.
2	Myristica fragrans Houtt.	Jailphal	Herbs	Myristicaceae	Fruits	Decoction	Fruits of Myristica fragrans are collected, dried and Decoction is prepared. Prepared decoction is mixed in boiled water and is orally administered thrice a day for a period of 5-7 days in cure of Arthritis.
3	Azadirachta indica A Juss.	Neem	Tree	Meliaceae	Fruit	Oil	Fruits of Azadirachta indica is collected and oil is extracted, Extracted oil is orally administered externally on body twice a day, morning and evening for a period of 30-45 days in cure of Arthritis
4	Azadirachta indica A Juss.	Neem	Tree	Meliaceae	Bark	Powder	Barks of A.indica and L.alba are collected, dried and powder is prepared. Prepared powder is mixed in 50 ml and is orally administered externally on body twice a day, morning and evening for a period of 20-25 days in cure of Arthritis.
5	Lawsonia alba Lam.	Mehnidi	Shrubs	Lythraceae	Bark	Powder
6	Withania somnifera (Linn.)Duna	Ashwagandha		Solanaceae	Roots	Powder	Root of Withania somnifera are collected, dried and powdered. Prepared powder is mixed with 100gm Ficus religiosa, 250gm Zingiber officinalis, 200gm Asparagus racemes, 4inc root powder of Calostropis gigantean and powdered it and is orally administered with gude for a period of 7-11 days in cure of Arthritis.
	Calotropis gigantean (Linn.) R.Br	Aak	Shrubs	Asclepiadaceae	Roots	Powder
	Asparagus racemes Willd.	Satawar	Climber	Liliaceae	Roots	Powder
	Ficus religiosa Linn.	Pipal	Tree	Moraceae	Fruits	Powder
	Zingiber officinalis Rosc.	Adarak	Herb	Zingiberaceae	Rhizome	Powder
7	Vitex negundo Linn.	Nirgundi	Shrub	Verbenaceae	Leaf	Extract	Fresh leaves of V. negundo are collected and boiled with hot water and extract prepared.5-7 ml.of extract is orally administered 2-3 times a day for a period of 5-7 days in cure in Arthritis.
8	Celastrus paniculata Willd.	Malkangni	Climber	Celastraceae	Fruits	Oil	Fruits of Celastrus paniculata are collected, dried and oil is extracted. Extracted oil is orally administered externally to a patient for a period of 8-10 days in cure of Acratice.
9	Asparagus racemes Willd.	satawar	Climber	Liliaceae	Rhizome	Decoction	Rhizome of Asparagus racemes are collected and boiled with hot water and are orally administered to for a period of 5-7 days in cure in Arthritis.
10	Gloriosa suparba Linn.	Kalihari	Climber	Liliaceae (Colchicaceae)	Rhizome	Oil	Rhizome of Gloriosa suparba is collected, dried and oil extract is prepared. Prepared oil is orally administered twice a day, morning and evening for a period of 5-7 days in cure of Arthritis.
11	Aloe vera (Linn.) Burm.f	Gwarphata	Herb	Liliaceae	Root	Powder	Root of Aloe vera is collected, dried and powdered. Prepared powder is orally administered with sugar twice a day, morning and evening for a period of 5-7 days in cure of Arthritis.
12	Alectra chitrakuensis	Nigundi Kand	Herb	Scrophulariaceae	Leaf/ Seed	Powder	A fresh leaves or Seed of Alectra chitrakuensis are collected, dried and boiled on mustered oil for 3-4hours till the volume reduced 1/2 liter from 3liter and is orally administered externally twice a day, morning and evening for a period of 10-15 days in cure of Arthritis.
13	Costus speciosus (Koen. ex. Retz.) Sm.	Keokand	Herb	Zingiberaceae (Costaceae)	Kand	Powder	Kand/root of Costus speciosus and fruits of Piper nigrum are collected, dried and powdered. Prepared Powder is orally administered with milk twice a day for a period of 7-10 days in cure of Arthritis
	Piper nigrum Linn.	Kali Mirch	Climber	Piperaceae	Fruit	Powder
14	Ventilago calyculata Tul.	Koeti	Climber	Rhamnaceae	Bark	Powder	Barks of Ventilago calyculata are collected, dried and powdered. Prepared Powder is orally administered one time a day for a period of 15 days in cure of Arthritics.
15	Anacardium semecarpus Linn.	Bhilma	Tree	Anacardiaceae	Bark	Powder/ Paste	Bark of Anacardium semicarpus is collected, dried and Powdered. Prepared Powder is orally administered twice a day, morning and evening in cure of Arthritic/ sciatica.
16	Curcuma longa Linn.	Haldi	Herb	Zingiberaceae	Rhizome	Powder	Prepared powder is mixed with Curcuma longa and lime and Paste is prepared. Prepared paste is orally administered externally twice a day in cure of Arthritic/ sciatica.
17	Citrulus colocynthis (L.) Schrad.	Indrayan	Climber	Cucurbitaceae	Root	Powder	Roots of Citrulus colocynthis, Curcuma angustifolia, Alectra chitrakuensis are collected, dried and Powdered. Prepared powder is orally administered twice a day, morning and evening for a period of 7-10 days in cure of Arthritic.
	Curcuma angustifolia Roxb.	Tikhur	Herb	Zingiberaceae	Root	Powder
	Alectra chitrakuensis (Rau) R.Prasad and R.D.Dixit	Nirgundi Kand	Herb	Scrophulariaceae	Root	Powder
18	Commiphora mukul Hook	Guggul	Herb	Burseraceae	Gum	Gum	Fruit of Piper nigrum and Leaf of Clitoria ternatea are collected, dried and powdered. Prepared powder is mixed with the gum of Commiphora mukul and then the powder is orally administered twice a day, morning and evening for a Period of 10-15 days in cure of Arthritis and Sciatica
	Piper nigrum Linn.	Kali Mircha	Climber	Piperaceae	Fruit	Powder
	Clitoria ternatea Linn.	Aprajita	Climber	Fabaceae	Leaf	Powder
19	Alangium salvifolium (Linn. f.) Wang.	Ankol	Tree	Alangiaceae	Leaf	Oil	Leaves of Alangium salvifolium, Dhatura stramonium, Alectra chitrakuensis are collected, washed and dried. then the leaves are fried on mustered oil with seed of Trigonella foenum-graecum and Lushun till the volume reduced 1/2 liter from 3 liter then the oil is orally administered thrice a day for a period of 15-21 days in cure of Scia
	Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn.	Methi	Herb	Fabaceae	Seed	Oil
	Dhatura stramonium Linn.	Dhatura	Shurb	Solanceae	Leaf	Oil
	Alectra chitrakuensis (Rau) R.Prasad and R.D.Dixit	Nirgundi Kand	Herb	Scroehulariaceae	Leaf	Oil
20	Calotropis procera (Willd) ex. W. Ait.	Madar	Shurb	Asclepiadaceae	Leaf	Juice	Leaves of Calostropis procera, Euphorbia ligularia, Ipomoea cairica, Opuntia dillenii, Dhatura metel are collected, washed and juice is prepared. Prepared juice is mixed with seed of Trigonella foenum-graecum and crushed gum of Commiphora mukul and boiled on mustered oil tile the water will be vaporized the prepared oil is then orally administered externally two-three times a day for a period of 2-3 mouth in cure of Paralysis/ Sciatica/ Arthritis/ Pain
	Euphorbia ligularia Roxb. ex Buch.-Ham	Thuhad, Thor	Shurb	Euphorbiaceae	Leaf	Juice
	Ipomoea cairica (Linn.) Sweet	Beshram	Shurb	Convolvulaceae	Leaf	Juice
	Opuntia dillenii (Ker-Garnier) Haw.	Nagphani	Shurb	Cactaceae	Leaf	Juice
	Dhatura metel Linn.	Kala Dhatura	Shurb	Solanceae	Leaf	Juice
	Commiphora mukul Hook	Guuul	Herb	Burseraceae	Gum	Directly
	Trigonella foenumraecum L.inn	Methi	Herb	Fabaceae	Seed	Directly
21	Momordica charantia Linn.	Karle, Bittergouard	Climber	Cucurbitaceae	Root	Powder	Root of Momordica charantia, Seeds of Trigonella foenum-graecum, Terminelia tomentosa, Alectra chitrakuensis, Mucuna pruriens, Ferula assafoetida and barks of Clitoria ternatea, Commiphora mukul are collected, dried and powdered. Prepared powder of all the components mixed with each other and is orally administered thrice day for a period of 30-45 days in cure of Paralysis, Sciatica, Pain, and Arthritis.
	Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn..	Methi	Herb	Fabaceae	Seed	Powder
	Terminelia tomentosa (Roxb.) Wight and Arn.)	Saja	Tree	Combretaceae	Seed	Powder
	Clitoria ternatea Linn.	Aprajita	Climber	Fabaceae	Bark	Powder
22	Mucuna pruriens (Linn.) DC.	Safed kimach	Climber	Fabaceae	Seed	Powder	Seeds of Mucuna pruriens leaf of, Ferula assafoetida and barks of Commiphora mukul and Pongammia pinnata are collected, dried and all the components are boiled o mustered oil till the volume reduces 700gm from 3 liters and is orally administered externally thrice a day for a period of 3 month in cure of Paralysis, Sciatica, and Arthritis
	Commiphora mukul Hook	Guuul	Herb	Burseraceae	Bark/ gum	Powder
	Ferula asafoetida Linn.	Hinga	Herbs	Apiaceae	Leaf	Powder
	Pongammia pinnata (Linn.) Merr.	Karanj	Tree	Fabaceae	Bark	Powder

 

 

The figure -1 depicts number of genera in each plant families used in cure of arthritis comprising of of 22 families Anacardiaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Apiaceae, Burseraceae, Cactaceae, Celastraceae, Combretaceae, Convolvulaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Liliaceae, Lythraceae, Meliacea., Moraceae, Myristicaceae, Piperaceae, Rhamnaceae, Solanceae, Scrophulariaceae, Verbenaceae and Zingiberaceae. The survey indicated that there are plenty of medicinal plants used in cure of Arthritis.

 

 

Fig -1 Plant Families and Species used in cure of Arthritis in Madhya Pradesh

 

 

Fig -2 Plant Formulations of Species used in cure of Arthritis in Madhya Pradesh

 

 

Fig- 3 Plant parts of Species used in cure of Arthritis in Madhya Pradesh

 

 

Fig-4 Plant Species as prevalent in cure of Arthritis in Madhya Pradesh

Medicinal Plants play an important role in the socio – cultural, spiritual and health care needs of communities across the world, as they occur in diverse ecosystem ^{[40, 41]}. These plants and their parts are used in preparation of formulations such as Powder, oil, decoction, juice, paste and extract as shown in Figure -2.

 

The plants parts used are presented in Figure -3.The survey revealed that knowledge is limited to traditional healers and elderly persons. Traditional healers or local vaids are also renowned botanists and have a great talent for locating the requisite plant from the green vastness that makes up their natural pharmacy and cures the ailments of their patients from resources available in the vicinity of their forest ^{[31, 39, 42].}

 

It has been observed that traditional knowledge on wild plants is declining day by day. It has been estimated that 64% of the global population, remains dependent on traditional medicines ^{[40, 42].} Traditional healers or local vaids are also renowned botanists and have a great talent for locating the requisite plant from the green vastness that makes up their natural pharmacy and cures the ailments of their patients from resources available in the vicinity of their forest.

 

It has been further observed that, traditional knowledge on wild plants is declining day by day. It has been estimated that 64% of the global population, remains dependent on traditional medicines^[42]. Traditional healers or local vaids are also renowned botanists and have a great talent for locating the requisite plant from the green vastness that makes up their natural pharmacy and cures the ailments of their patients from resources available in the vicinity of their forest ^{[31, 42]}. During the field survey it was noticed that traditional knowledge on wild plants is declining day by day. It has been estimated that 64% of the global population, still remains dependent on traditional medicines ^[43], even on account of modernization.

 

The medicinal plants are being used to prepare various formulations used in cure of Arthritis, but the discussions with villagers revealed that the preferences of local vaids vary from village to village on account of availability of indigenous flora in different season. Based on the present study, it has been found that tribal communities specially residing in state of Madhya Pradesh had rich knowledge on herbal folk medicines and is transmitted from one generation to another through oral communication.

 

The number of plant species prevalent also vary from district to district as per dominance of ethnic communities as depicted from Figure - 4. Plants based traditional knowledge has become a recognised tool in search of new sources of drugs ^{[44, 45]}.

 

CONCLUSION:

The present study provides information on indigenous knowledge as prevalent among different ethnic communities. These traditional and folk healers have great expertise and rich knowledge regarding forest flora in and around forest and in forest fringes. There is need to conserve these plants from over exploitation and cultivation and in-situ conservation shall help to maintain ecological balance as well as traditional knowledge and ecological security.

 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS :

The author is thankful to Traditional healers who have shared the information for systematic documentation of information in Chhattarpur district in Madhya Pradesh in pockets of Gond, Baiga, Bediya, Bhil tribes. The author is also thankful to Director, Tropical Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur for providing necessary facility for the study. The author is also thankful to Director General, MPCST Bhopal, for providing financial assistance and funding the project and granting permission for conducting the study.

 

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Received on 26.05.2016       Accepted on 30.06.2016     

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