INTRODUCTION:

Definitions of addiction

Addiction is a word that’s used to describe a variety of conditions which are all characterized by an abnormally strong need to act in predictable ways to try to satisfy the intense driving forces that are felt by anyone with an addiction. Substance abuse, which can also be called drug abuse, is one form of addiction. It involves the intense craving and need to consume, inject, sniff or smoke, one or more of a wide variety of psycho-active drugs.¹A psycho-active drug is any chemical which has the property of changing how the brain functions. The word Addiction is also used to describe some behavioral disorders such as pathological gambling or abnormal eating behavior, where no psycho-active substance use is involved, but the features of this sort of addiction, still closely resemble those of substance abuse addiction.²

“Loss of control is the hallmark of all addictions”

In the past addiction used to refer just to psychoactive substances that cross the blood-brain barrier, temporarily altering the chemical balance of the brain; this would include alcohol, tobacco and some drugs.³A considerable number of psychologists, other health care professionals and lay people now insist that psychological dependency, as may be the case with gambling, sex, internet, work, exercise, etc. should also be counted as addictions, because they can also lead to feelings of guilt, shame, hopelessness, despair, failure, rejection, anxiety and/or humiliation. When a person is addicted to something they cannot control how they use it, and become dependent on it to cope with daily life. Addiction - there is a psychological/physical component; the person is unable to control the aspects of the addiction without help because of the mental or physical conditions involved. Addiction is Habitual psychological or physiologic dependence on a substance or practice that is beyond voluntary control. Addiction has long been understood to mean an uncontrollable habit of using alcohol or other drugs. Because of the physical effects of these substances on the body, and particularly the brain, people have often thought that “real” addictions only happen when people regularly use these substances in large amounts. More recently, we have come to realize that people can also develop addictions to behaviours, such as gambling, and even quite ordinary and necessary activities such as exercise and eating. What these activities have in common is that the person doing them finds them pleasurable in some way. There is some controversy about which of the “behavioural” addictions constitute scientifically validated “true” addictions, with both professionals and the public failing to reach an agreement. More research is needed to clarify this issue.

Types of addiction-

1. Alcohol Addiction

Alcohol is a substance that is perfectly legal for adults to buy and consume, and has the potential to become addictive. We tend to use euphemisms like "drinking problem" or say that someone likes to "bend the elbow" when talking about an addiction to alcohol. It's a polite way of talking about an addiction that can have serious health consequences, including cirrhosis of the liver and brain damage. It is no coincidence that thousands of alcohol treatment centres exist across the world.

2. Nicotine Addiction

If you have ever wondered why giving up smoking is so difficult, blame the fact that nicotine is one of the most addictive substances on the planet. Every time a smoker lights up, they are getting a "hit" of nicotine that works on the pleasure centre in their brain. Cravings are just the body's way of looking for more of the same. Unfortunately, smoking has been linked to several types of cancer, heart disease, and stroke.

3. Cocaine Addiction

Cocaine is a highly-addictive stimulant that is made from the leaves of the coca plant. Whether you call it "coke," "blow," or "nose candy," it gives the user a relatively brief, but very intense, high. This drug also causes the user's heart rate and blood pressure to increase rapidly, sometimes with tragic results in the form of a heart attack or a stroke.

4. Opiate Addiction

Codeine, morphine, and heroin are all powerful painkilling drugs derived from the opium poppy. Not only can they alleviate pain, but they also produce a feeling of euphoria, which opens up the door to addiction. Someone who is in the throes of an addiction to these kinds of drugs may lose the ability to make good decisions for themselve. They also run the risk of contracting HIV/AIDS if they are using needles to inject themselves. Often, a visit to a drug detox centre is necessary even before entering a treatment facility for opiate addiction treatment.

5. Heroin Addiction

Heroin is known by several names, including "smack," "horse," and "brown sugar" due to its varying forms and colors.. It produces a feeling of euphoria for the more than half a million people in the United States who use it. Heroin can cause physical dependency in users within days of being used regularly, which means that trying to give it up can be very difficult.

6. Meth Addiction

Some people turn to meth, a type of amphetamine, as their drug of choice because it is an appetite suppressant. It also produces an intense "high" when injected, smoked, snorted, or swallowed. Addiction can happen very quickly, and it's possible to become addicted after using meth only once.

7. Methadone Addiction

In a twist of irony, methadone, which is used to treat people who are addicted to heroin, is itself a highly-addictive drug. Like heroin, methadone is an opiate, and it is used to relieve the cravings that a recovering heroin addict may experience. Many wonder whether trading one addiction for another is such a good idea.

8. Marijuana Addiction

More than three million people in the United States use marijuana on either a daily or an almost-daily basis, making it the most popular illegal drug in the country. There are more than 200 different names used to describe the leaves, stems, and flowers of the hemp plant, which are dried and rolled prior to being smoked. The question of whether marijuana is addictive remains a popular debate with opposing viewpoints.

9. Caffeine Addiction

Do you enjoy your morning Java? Many people do, but there are some for whom caffeine isn't just something that helps them feel alert through the day. They develop a full-blown addiction, including withdrawal symptoms when they try to switch to decaf or cut back on caffeine-laden soft drinks and chocolate.

10. Steroid Addiction

Athletes and body builders who want to increase muscle mass may be tempted to use steroids to get bigger, faster. They may not realize that the sense of well-being they experience when using them is from the 'roids’ themselves. An addiction to steroids may be more difficult to recognize than someone using a substance to achieve a "high" though there are typically signs that can be detected.

11. Vicodin Addiction

Vicodin is usually prescribed for moderate pain. This opiate not only relieves pain, but also produces a feeling of euphoria. Approximately one person in five in the United States has taken a prescription medication for a purpose other than the one for which it was prescribed, and vicodin is the drug most often used in this way.

12. Prescription Drug Addiction

Using prescription drugs for a long time or taking more than the recommended dose may lead to an addiction. This is the reason doctors limit the amount of medication they prescribe. Any prescription drug taken to relieve pain has the potential to create a physical dependency.

Harmful effects of drug abuse

Drug abuse can affect individuals, relationships and society, but the specific effects depend on the specific drug of abuse. Both street drugs and legal drugs, such as prescription medication or legally purchased alcohol, can be abused and can contribute to problems for the individual involved. Drug addicts may have extreme difficulty quitting and in some cases it may be nearly impossible without the intervention of treatment programs and psychological counseling. Nonetheless, the harmful effects of drug abuse are serious enough that efforts to prevent drug dependence and help individuals who desire to stop using drugs are worthwhile.

1. Health Problems

Depending on the specific type of drug abused, health problems may take a range of forms, according to Medline Plus. Some drug abusers become addicted, suffering withdrawal symptoms if they attempt to quit using the drug. Amphetamines, for example, cause immediate health issues including a rapid heart rate, weight loss and sleep disturbances. On the other hand, alcoholics may develop liver disease over long periods of use. Injected drugs such as heroin raise the risk of an individual contracting infectious diseases such as HIV or hepatitis. Hallucinogens such as LSD remain within the body for years after the initial use, potentially causing flashbacks. Many drugs can cause death if the user takes too much of them.

2. Relationship Effects

Because drugs often alter the behavior of the user, relationships frequently suffer from the effects of drug abuse. Some drugs, such as cocaine, may cause some users to become violent, making domestic abuse more likely. In other cases, the drug user may shirk off responsibilities, upsetting friends and family members. Because drug addicts often must spend large amounts of money to continue to acquire drugs, drug users frequently find themselves in financial trouble, which can add to marital stress. Drugs that alter inhibitions, such as alcohol, can contribute to unwise decisions that can stress relationships, including imprudent sexual activity and risk-taking behavior.

3. Social Effects

Many individuals who abuse drugs end up committing criminal acts to support their drug habit. The National Drug Intelligence Center maintains that parents who abuse drugs often neglect or abuse, either physically or mentally, the children in their care. Children of addicts tend to go without proper dental and medical care, including not receiving all of their childhood vaccinations on schedule. These children are also more likely to go without proper food and shelter and may be inadvertently exposed to the drugs that their parents are using. The maintenance of law enforcement programs to combat community drug use requires taxpayer money at both the local and federal levels.

(B) Effects of Drug Addiction in Adolescents

I. Criminal

One of the fastest ways for an adolescent's drug use or addiction to affect his life is through the criminal consequences associated with the drug use. The law does not make exceptions for teen drug users. Even if a teenager is not caught using drugs, living a drug-filled life can lead to many other criminal problems, including gang activity and drug-related criminal offenses. Some teenagers turn to selling to support their habits. Addiction can also compel an adolescent to take part in criminal activity such as theft to get money to buy drugs. Studies have shown that drug use automatically raises the chances that a teenager will commit a criminal offense. In fact, the Bureau of Justice Statistics found that nearly two-thirds of released jail inmates were using drugs within 4 to 6 months before they committed their offenses.

II. Education

According to a 2005 survey by the U.S. Census Bureau, school dropout rates varied by state from 5 percent to nearly 11 percent of all high school students. Though not all high school dropouts do so because of drug addictions, drugs can be a dominating factor. Once a teenager has become addicted to a drug, whether it be alcohol or meth or marijuana, her drug addiction can take precedence over any other activities in her life. This is especially true if the adolescent comes from a broken family who may not be aware, or care, that their child is skipping school. As the addiction strengthens, it can be hard for the teenager to function while high. Even if she does attend school, she may be disruptive or just unable to learn because of the influence of the drugs in her system. This can lead to either voluntary removal from school through dropping out or forced removal from school by expulsion. Drug use can also allow criminal activity to spread onto school property.

III. Family

A drug-addicted adolescent can quite often go through a complete change in character because of his using. A once-friendly who is hard to live with. Many teenage drug users become defiant against authority figures, including their own parents. They may also turn to lying and even stealing from their families to support their habits. This can easily lead to a host of problems in the home, even completely splitting apart family relationships.

IV. Health

One of the most devastating effects of an adolescent drug addiction is the health problems that come with drug use. Even in small doses, both illicit and legal drugs can have severe effects on a teenager, ranging from early onset of liver problems to cardiac arrest. However, the most dangerous health consequence comes with a drug overdose, which in many cases leads to death. Teenagers are especially at risk for drug overdose, since drug use often becomes a competition among younger users. This competitive atmosphere is especially true with binge drinking.

V. Costs

For every adolescent addict, there is an increased price for health care and drug treatment. With the average treatment program costing thousands of dollars per month, and much of that bill being covered by health care programs, the cost of addiction is staggering. Teen drug use also contributes to other drains on the health care and financial system. These include an increased risk for the contraction of sexually transmitted diseases, an increased risk of drug-related car accidents and an increase in drug-related crimes.

(C) OTHER EFFECTS-

Physical deterioration, Psychiatric problems, Intellectual impairment, Personality deterioration, Increased risk of accidents and higher susceptibility to high, risk behaviour in the form of unprotected sex or use of unsterile needles, Legal risks.

Category of Abused Drug-

Drugs and medications of abuse can be grouped together into categories based on similarities between how they work and what effects they will produce in the human body and brain. A useful categorization scheme follows. We'll consider each class of drugs in turn, but if you want to, you can skip ahead to read about the particular drug class that interests you most.

Ø Central Nervous System Depressants

Alcohol, Barbiturates ['ludes, sleepers, downers, tranquilizers] Benzodiazepines (Valium, Ativan, Librium, Xanax) [sleepers, downers, tranquilizers].

Ø Central Nervous System Stimulants

Cocaine (Crack, Blow, Nose, Snow, Toot, White, Rock, Flake), Amphetamine and Methamphetamine (Ritalin, Meth, Bennies, Crank, Crystal), Caffeine (Coffee), Nicotine (Cigarettes, Chew).

Ø Opiates

Heroin (Horse, Junk, Smack, Snow, "H", Brown, Black), Morphine, Codeine (OxyContin, Tylenol with Codeine), Methadone, LAAM.

Ø Cannabinols

Marijuana (Marinol, Pot, Grass, Weed, Brick, Joint, Thai Stick, Mary Jane), Hashish (Hash, Ganja, Rope).

Ø Hallucinogens

LSD (Acid), Mescaline (Cactus), Psilocybin, ('Shrooms, Mushrooms), MDMA (Love Drug, "X", Esctacy).

Ø Solvents

Aerosol sprays, Glues, Paint Thinner, Gasoline.

Ø Other Drugs of Abuse

PCP (Angel Dust).

Narcotic Analgesics

Pain killing or pain relieving drugs with opium like effects

Natural sources: – Opium – Morphine, Codeine

Semi synthetic: Heroin (brown sugar)

Synthetic: Buprenorphine (tidigesic), Methadone, Pentazocine

Mode of intake

􀂃 Opium – oral, inhalation

􀂃 Morphine – injection

􀂃 Codeine – oral (tablets and cough syrups)

􀂃 Heroin – injection, inhalation, chasing

􀂃 Buprenorphine – oral, injection

Short – term effects

􀂃 Euphoria

􀂃 Thought process impairment, drowsiness, apathy

􀂃 Feelings of hunger and pain are not felt

􀂃 Overdose of heroin can cause convulsions, coma and death

Long – term effects

􀂃 Mood instability

􀂃 Reduced libido

􀂃 Constipation

􀂃 Respiratory impairments

􀂃 Physical deterioration

Infections like serum hepatitis and HIV can occur among IV users due to use of unsterile needles. In female abusers, menstrual irregularity and fetal addiction / abnormality can occurs.

Tolerance and dependence develop

Withdrawal symptoms

􀂃 Feeling of unpleasantness

􀂃 Aches and pains all over the body

􀂃 Diarrhoea

􀂃 Dilation of pupils

􀂃 Insomnia

STIMULANTS

Drugs which excite or speed up the central nervous system

Type and mode of intake

􀂃 Amphetamines – oral

􀂃 Cocaine – snorted

Short – term effects

􀂃 A heightened feeling of well being, euphoria

􀂃 A sense of super-abundant energy

􀂃 Increased motor and speech activity

􀂃 Suppression of appetite

􀂃 Increased wakefulness

Long-term effects

􀂃 Chronic sleep problem

􀂃 Poor appetite

􀂃 Rapid and irregular heart beat

􀂃 Mood swings

􀂃 `Amphetamine psychosis’ may occur

Tolerance and dependence develop

Withdrawal symptoms – No major physiological disruptions

􀂃 Extreme fatigue

􀂃 Disturbed sleep

􀂃 Voracious appetite

􀂃 Moderateto severe depression

DEPRESSANTS

Drugs which depress or slow down the functions of the central nervous system

Type and mode of intake

Sedative-hypnotics – Barbiturates, Benzodiazepines (oral tablets) Alcohol

Short – term effects

􀂃 Relief from anxiety and tension

􀂃 Euphoria

􀂃 Lowering of inhibitions

􀂃 Poor motor coordination

􀂃 Impaired concentration and judgement

􀂃 Slurred speech and blurred vision

􀂃 Sedation, sleep with larger doses

Long – term effects

􀂃 Depression

􀂃 Chronic fatigue

􀂃 Respiratory impairments

􀂃 Impaired sexual function

􀂃 Decreased attention span

􀂃 Poor memory and judgement

􀂃 Chronic sleep problems

Tolerance and dependence

􀂃 Tolerance does not develop uniformly

􀂃 Cross tolerance can develop

􀂃 Physical and psychological dependence develop

Withdrawal symptoms

􀂃 Tremors

􀂃 Insomnia

􀂃 Irritability and restlessness

􀂃 Hallucinations

􀂃 ConvulsiONS

HALLUCINOGENS

Hallucinogens are drugs which affect perception, emotions and mental processes

Type and mode of intake

LSD -Lysergic acid diethylamide (oral tablets)

PCP –Phencyclidine (snorted / smoked)

Mescaline (oral tablets)

Psilocybin (smoked)

Short – term effects

􀂃 Alterations of mood

􀂃 Distortion of the sense of direction, distance and time

􀂃 ‘Pseudo’ hallucinations

􀂃 Synesthesia – melding of two sensory modalities

􀂃 Feelings of depersonalization

Long-term effects

􀂃 Flash back or spontaneous recurrence of on LSD experience can occur

􀂃 Amotivational syndrome

􀂃 LSD precipitated psychosis

CANNABIS

Drugs from cannabis plant come under this category

􀂃 Ganja / Marijuana

􀂃 Hashish / Charas

􀂃 Hashish oil

􀂃 Bhang

Mode of intake- Smoking

Short – term effects

􀂃 Mild euphoria

􀂃 Lowering of inhibitions

􀂃 Reddening of eyes

􀂃 Sense of smell, touch and taste are often enhanced

􀂃 Altered sense of time perception

􀂃 Impaired short-term memory

􀂃 Impairment of ability to perform complex motor tasks

Long-term effects

􀂃 Decreased cognitive ability

􀂃 A motivational syndrome

􀂃 Psychosis

􀂃 Respiratory problems

􀂃 Sterility / impotence

􀂃 In women abusers, fetal damage can occur

Tolerance and psychological dependence develop

Withdrawal symptoms

􀂃 Sleep disturbances

􀂃 Loss of appetite, irritability

􀂃 Tremors

􀂃 Depression or psychotic symptoms may become prominent

Volatile Solvents

Drugs under this category are volatile hydrocarbons, Petroleum derivatives.

Type and mode of intake

Glue and solvents like varnish and eraser fluids and petrol through sniffing.

Short – term effects

􀂃 Euphoria

􀂃 Clouded thinking

􀂃 Slurred speech

􀂃 Staggering gait

􀂃 Hallucinations

􀂃 Sudden death

Long – term effects

􀂃 Psychosis

􀂃 Permanent brain damage

􀂃 Liver, kidney and heart damage

Other drugs of abuse

Medically used drugs that do not fall into any of the above categories

􀂃 Muscle relaxants

􀂃 Painkillers

􀂃 Anti-histamines, prescribed for allergies

􀂃 Anti-emetics

􀂃 Anti-depressants / anti-psychotics

These drugs are taken orally as tablets or used in the form of injections. The effects and subsequent dependence and withdrawal symptoms vary.

Drugs having acute effect and health risk.

1. Nicotine

Acute Effects - Increased blood pressure and heart rate

Health Risks - Chronic lung disease; cardiovascular disease; stroke; cancers of the mouth, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, cervix, kidney, bladder, and acute myeloid leukemia; adverse pregnancy outcomes; addiction.

2. Alcohol

Acute Effects - In low doses, euphoria, mild stimulation, relaxation, lowered inhibitions; in higher doses, drowsiness, slurred speech, nausea, emotional volatility, loss of coordination, visual distortions, impaired memory, sexual dysfunction, loss of consciousness

Health Risks - Increased risk of injuries, violence, fetal damage (in pregnant women); depression; neurologic deficits; hypertension; liver and heart disease; addiction; fatal overdose

3. Cannabinoids

Acute Effects - Euphoria; relaxation; slowed reaction time; distorted sensory perception; impaired balance and coordination; increased heart rate and appetite; impaired learning, memory; anxiety; panic attacks; psychosis

Health Risks - Cough, frequent respiratory infections; possible mental health decline; addiction

4. Opioids

Acute Effects - Euphoria; drowsiness; impaired coordination; dizziness; confusion; nausea; sedation; feeling of heaviness in the body; slowed or arrested breathing

Health Risks - Constipation; endocarditis; hepatitis; HIV; addiction; fatal overdose

5. Stimulants

Acute Effects - Increased heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, metabolism; feelings of exhilaration; increased energy, mental alertness; tremors; reduced appetite; irritability; anxiety; panic; paranoia; violent behavior; psychosis

Health Risks - Weight loss, insomnia; cardiac or cardiovascular complications; stroke; seizures; addiction

Also, for cocaine – Nasal damage from snorting

Also, for methamphetamine – Severe dental problems

6. Club drugs

Acute Effects for MDMA - Mild hallucinogenic effects; increased tactile sensitivity; empathic feelings; lowered inhibition; anxiety; chills; sweating; teeth clenching; muscle cramping

Also, for Flunitrazepam - Sedation; muscle relaxation; confusion; memory loss; dizziness; impaired coordination

Also, for GHB - Drowsiness; nausea; headache; disorientation; loss of coordination; memory loss

Health Risks, for MDMA - Sleep disturbances; depression; impaired memory; hyperthermia; addiction

Also, for Flunitrazepam – Addiction Also, for GHB - Unconsciousness; seizures; coma

7. Dissociative drugs

Acute Effects - Feelings of being separate from one’s body and environment; impaired motor function

Also, for ketamine - Analgesia; impaired memory; delirium; respiratory depression and arrest; death

Also, for DXM - Euphoria; slurred speech; confusion; dizziness; distorted visual perceptions

Health Risks - Anxiety; tremors; numbness; memory loss; nausea

8. Hallucinogens

Acute Effects - Altered states of perception and feeling; hallucinations; nausea

Also, for LSD - Increased body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure; loss of appetite; sweating; sleeplessness; numbness, dizziness, weakness, tremors; impulsive behavior; rapid shifts in emotion

Also, for Mescaline - Increased body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure; loss of appetite; sweating; sleeplessness; numbness, dizziness, weakness, tremors; impulsive behavior; rapid shifts in emotion

Also, for Psilocybin - Nervousness; paranoia; panic

Health Risks, for LSD - Flashbacks, Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder

9. Other compounds

Acute Effects, for Anabolic steroids - No intoxication effects

Also, for Inhalants (varies by chemical) - Stimulation; loss of inhibition; headache; nausea or vomiting; slurred speech; loss of motor coordination; wheezing

Health Risks, for Anabolic steroids - Hypertension; blood clotting and cholesterol changes; liver cysts; hostility and aggression; acne; in adolescents—premature stoppage of growth; in males—prostate cancer, reduced sperm production, shrunken testicles, breast enlargement; in females—menstrual irregularities, development of beard and other masculine characteristics

Also, for Inhalants - Cramps; muscle weakness; depression; memory impairment; damage to cardiovascular and nervous systems; unconsciousness; sudden death

TOP 10 Abused Drugs (Prescribed)

1. (Zolpidem)

Zolpidem is a nonbenzodiazepine (similar to a benzo, but with a different molecular structure) drug with powerful hypnotic and sedative effects. It’s prescribed by doctors for treatment of insomnia, and in rarer cases as a muscle relaxant. Due to its GABA antagonist properties, it is similar to alcohol in its ability to relax inhibitions and promote sociability. In especially high doses, the onset of amnesia can be quite potent, resulting in the user having a “night they can’t remember”. With adolescents having limited access to alcohol, abusing their parents’ Ambien isn’t uncommon. Although it would be a legitimate medicine that a doctor saw fit, those prescribed it should keep in mind driving, or yielding heavy machinery (such as chainsaws) is, by no means, a good idea while influenced by this drug. Eminem had a reasonably publicized affair with zolpidem in 2009, after he started using it to help him sleep through the stresses of his life.

2. (Quetiapine)

Although antipsychotics are rarely thought of as “drugs of abuse”, quetiapine deserves recognition on this list due to its huge recreational value in prison. Prescribed for schizophrenia, bipolar disorders, and insomnia, Seroquel doesn’t seem, at all, like a drug you’d want anyone to even know you’re prescribed. However, the tranquilizer has earned the name “Jailhouse Heroin” among our citizens who are paying their debts to society. Abusers seek its anxiolytic (anxiety reducing) effects, as well as its tendency to reduce feelings and provide a careless state of mind. Prisoners commonly trade their meals and money for these pills, only to find their benefit outweighed by the price they paid after the effects have ended. Even though this is a prison drug if there ever was one, note that is also serves recreational use among the outside, as well.

3. (hydromorphone)

Often prescribed for pain (and occasionally bad cough), Dilaudid is known as more of an “all or nothing pharmaceutical”. This is because abusers can take well above the allowed dose and not feel a bit of the euphoric opiate heaven he’s used to, or the said person may claim it’s the closest to heaven they’ve ever been with a moderately low dose. The oral bioavailability (the fraction of a substance that can be used by the bodily systems before it’s lost en route) of hydromorphone is very low, therefore popping three 4mg “dilly dallies” may not blow one’s mind in the least, but administering it through a needle could well be compared to intravenous heroin. With all opiates being able to be injected via one method or another, Dilaudid may not seem special, but it does have one unique property. It can be liquefied through “cold shaking”, meaning hydromorphone requires no heat for water solubility. This factor is taken advantage of by many heroin addicts in need of a shot; however the difficulty of abuse via oral administration makes it one of the safer opiates to have around a house with adolescents.

4. (Alprazolam)

Benzodiazepine abuse is very common among those self-medicating for stress and anxiety, but one particular benzo, by the name of alprazolam, is also very common among recreational users seeking a “high”. A physician will prescribe a patient Xanax for panic disorders, insomnia, and, more rarely, social anxiety. Although it’s available in doses of .25, .5, and 1 milligram, the most popular tablet on the street is the 2mg Xanax “bar”. They are either crushed and insufflated or popped. With intranasal use especially, the onset is very rapid and instills relaxation, reduced, alcohol-like inhibitions, and potent apathy in the user. Alprazolam, and other benzodiazepines, like Valium, Klonopin, and Ativan, are abused to enhance sociability and to let one “be themself” around social gatherings, like malls and parties. What makes benzos more dangerous to abuse, versus opiates, are the withdrawals. A long time addicted user will get panic attacks and seizures when he can’t redose.

5. (Methamphetamine)

No, you didn’t just misread that subtitle. Methamphetamine, or “speed”, “crank”, “ice”, ext. is available by prescription in the United States, New Zealand, and Canada for ADHD treatment, as well as obesity, due to its appetite suppressing effects. Good luck trying to get it legally though, if you’re persuasive enough to convince a doctor that your ADHD is so bad, that only meth can control you, you should seek a career in law. I bet Johnny Cochrane could’ve gotten a script! Okay, not to get off topic. When Desoxyn is obtained, it obviously has very high street value, for its drug and for its consistent dosing. A meth user never knows what he’s getting in a bag he got off the street, but a 10mg Desoxyn tablet would be seen as a “good batch” all day.

6. (Codeine and hydrocodone)

Prescription cough syrups (such as Tussoinex and Phenergan) containing narcotics such as codeine and hydrocodone have become very popular among young adults through pop culture. Several rappers have made it clear that they not only enjoy recreationally drinking “purple drank”, but they encourage it, almost as much one would normally encourage a safer drug, like marijuana. Like other opiates, they instill euphoric, pleasantly itchy, and relaxing effects within the drinker. A popular term “lean” describes putting a jolly rancher in your bottle for flavor. Although codeine and hydrocodone are very rarely abused to the point of overdose, it should be noted that the syrups are often combined with drugs like acetaminophen and guaifenesin, which will cause bodily harm much more rapidly. Codeine and hydrocodone are also available in pill form, under brand names Tylenol 1-4 and Vicodin, respectively.

7. (Mixed amphetamine salts)

The all-too-famous “speed in a pill”, Adderall is provided to adolescents like candy it seems. By combining l-amp and d-amp in a 25% to 75% ratio, it can provide people with trouble concentrating miraculous relief. But attention disorders are exceptionally easy to fake, and, therefore, many high school entrepreneurs acquire it just to make extra cash from their friends at school. Amphetamines, ranging from Adderall to meth to Ecstasy (methylenedioxymethamphetamine), are valued for their energetic, stimulating, and oftentimes euphoric effects. Adderall, along with Ritalin, abuse is rampant among high school and college students during exams, due to their ability to exponentially increase focus and motivation.

8. (Tincture of opium)

Adding a little history to our list, Laudanum was coined in early 17th century London, although preparations of opium extractions date back quite a bit further. It is an alcoholic mixture of powdered opium, varying in potency. The active ingredients, therefore, include codeine, morphine, and ethanol. This potent mixture was treated as an alternative poison to English users, viewed as more socially acceptable than smoking opium, which a good fraction of the Chinese were addicted to at the time. Long before our modern Rx system, this medicine was readily available to anyone, and was soon found to be no less harmful than nature’s own narcotic preparation. The tincture continued to be used pharmaceutically in the States by many, until the early 20th century when it was deemed unfit to consume without a doctor’s overseeing. Its history in Europe and America is well known, but what is not is that it is actually still available today. Laudanum remains available by prescription, and is most commonly used for newborns that were born to opiate addicted mothers.

9. (Oxycodone)

Also branded as Percocet with acetaminophen, as well as several others, oxycodone has probably been responsible for more harm, in the past twenty years, than any other pill on this list. It was synthesized by German scientists in the early 1900s, but not used widely in medicine until much later. The drug gives users a blissful, heavenly euphoria that is almost unmatched in the narcotic world. In the mid-90s Purdue manufactured OxyContin; a time released tablet containing enough oxycodone to get a user high many times over, in the higher milligram doses. When taken orally this provided chronic pain patients, with cancer and disabilities, a new outlook on life. They could live pain free without taking pills consistently throughout the day. When abused by chewing, insufflation, or injection this pill was the ultimate score until quite recently. OxyContin is now manufactured via a formula that is much harder to abuse; however, other preparations of oxycodone (e.g. Roxicodone) are still very popular in the opiate community.

10. (Oxymorphone)

The common Joe may have never heard of Opana before, but it is number one on this list because it is becoming significantly more popular with abusers, now that OxyContin is nearly useless to them. In the near future oxymorphone will likely be one of the most misused painkillers on the market. It is similar to other narcotics, providing pain relief for those in need, but its euphoria not only exceeds that of oxycodone, but some will argue heroin as well. A person with a low tolerance will get an indescribably rich high off about one-eighth of a high dose (40mg ER) Opana through insufflation. As more thrill seekers spread the word of Opana’s potential, we will see oxymorphone become the new pharmaceutical dope; the drug of choice for anyone with access to an unlocked medicine cabinet.

CONCLUSION:

While there have been many drug laws devised in the United States to keep up with increasing drug addiction and trafficking, the spread of drug abuse is an international problem which needs to be tackled and addressed seriously. The possession of such drugs has been made illegal and severest verdicts are pronounced for illicit distribution and manufacture of drugs. Nevertheless, this problem of substance abuse cannot be controlled only by means of strict laws. Community as a whole needs to chip in its part by sustained involvement through the educational institutions which can provide counseling services to the victims. Organizations and rehab centers can play an important role in creating a drug free healthy environment. codeine phasphate syrup, digepam tab, alprazolam tab, gandapuro tel 2gm, turpine tel 400mg ointment, lorazepam tab, pheniramine maleate tab, nitrazepam tab,pantozocine lactate injection Phenobarbitone tab, clonazepam tab, chlordizepoxide tab, carbamazepine tab, zolpidemtitrate tab, phenytoin tab, prazosin tab, dizepaminjection, lorazepam tab, piracetam tab.

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Received on 04.12.2013 Accepted on 15.02.2014

Asian J. Res. Pharm. Sci. 4(2): April-June 2014; Page 99-109

Category and Name	Examples of Commercial and Street Names	How Administered
Nicotine	Found cigarettes, cigars, bidis and smokeless tobacco (snuff, spit tobacco, chew)	Smoked, snorted, chewed
Alcohol (ethylalcohol)	Found in liquor, beer, and wine	Swallowed
Marijuana	Blunt, dope, ganja, grass, herb, joint, bud, Mary Jane, pot, reefer, green, trees, smoke, sinsemilla, skunk, weed	Smoked, swallowed
Hashish	Boom, gangster, hash, hash oil, hemp	Smoked, swallowed
Heroin	Diacetylmorphine: smack, horse, brown sugar, dope, H, junk, skag, skunk, white horse, China white; cheese (with OTC cold medicine and antihistamine)	Injected, smoked, snorted
Opium	Laudanum, paregoric: big O, black stuff, block, gum, hop	Swallowed, smoked
Cocaine	Cocaine hydrochloride: blow, bump, C, candy, Charlie, coke, crack, flake, rock, snow, toot	Snorted, smoked, injected
Amphetamine	Biphetamine, Dexedrine: bennies, black beauties, crosses, hearts, LA turnaround, speed, truck drivers, uppers	Swallowed, snorted, smoked, injected
Methamphetamine	Desoxyn: meth, ice, crank, chalk, crystal, fire, glass, go fast, speed	Swallowed, snorted, smoked, injected
MDMA	Ecstasy, Adam, clarity, Eve, lover's speed, peace, uppers	Swallowed, snorted, injected
Flunitrazepam**	Rohypnol: forget-me pill, Mexican Valium, R2, roach, Roche, roofies, roofinol, rope, rophies	Swallowed, snorted
GHB**	Gamma-hydroxybutyrate: G, Georgia home boy, grievous bodily harm, liquid ecstasy, soap, scoop, goop, liquid X	Swallowed
Ketamine	Ketalar SV: cat Valium, K, Special K, vitamin K	Injected, snorted, smoked
PCP and analogs	Phencyclidine:angel dust, boat, hog, love boat, peace pill	Swallowed, smoked, injected
Salvia divinorum	Salvia, Shepherdess's Herb, Maria Pastora, magic mint, Sally-D	Chewed, swallowed, smoked
Dextromethorphan (DXM)	Found in some cough and cold medications: Robotripping, Robo, Triple C	Swallowed
LSD	Lysergic acid diethylamide:acid, blotter, cubes, microdot yellow sunshine, blue heaven	Swallowed, absorbed through mouth tissues
Mescaline	Buttons, cactus, mesc, peyote	Swallowed, smoked
Psilocybin	Magic mushrooms, purple passion, shrooms, little smoke	Swallowed

MOLECULE	DOSAGE	AMOUNT
CODEINE PHASPHATE	SYRUP	10mg/5ml
DIGEPAM	TAB	2,5,10 mg /TAB
ALPRAZOLAM	TAB	0.25,0.5,1 mg/TAB
GANDAPURO TEL 2gm, TURPINE TEL 400mg	OINTMENT	PER 10 gm
LORAZEPAM	TAB	1,2 mg/TAB
PHENIRAMINE MALEATE	TAB	25,50 mg/TAB
NITRAZEPAM	TAB	5mg,10mg/TAB
PANTOZOCINE LACTATE	INJECTION	30mg/ml
PHENOBARBITONE	TAB	30,60 mg/TAB
CLONAZEPAM	TAB	0.25,0.5,1,2 mg/TAB
CHLORDIZEPOXIDE	TAB	10 mg/TAB
CARBAMAZEPINE	TAB	100,200,400 mg/TAB
ZOLPIDEM TITRATE	TAB	5,10 mg/TAB
PHENYTOIN	TAB	50,100 mg/TAB
PRAZOSIN	TAB	1,2 mg/TAB
DIZEPAM	INJECTION	10 mg/2 ml
LORAZEPAM	TAB	1,2mg/TAB
PIRACETAM	TAB	800mg/TAB