Studies on Soil Mycoflora in
Chilli Field of Thiruvarur
District
*Gomathi S., Ambikapathy V. and Panneerselvam
A.
P.G. and Research Department
of Botany and Microbiology, A.V.V.M. Sri Pushpam
College (Autonomous), Poondi, Thanjavur
(Dt)- 613503, Tamil Nadu
,India
*Corresponding Author E-mail: mathigo10@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT:
Soil is a complex and dynamic environment in which the
biological activity is mostly governed by microorganisms. This study deals with
the monthly variation of fungal population in chilli
field of four different taluk Thiruvarur,
Nannilam, Kudavasal and Valangaiman of Thiruvarur(Dt). In the present investigation
40 different species belonging to Deuteromycetes, Ascomycetes and Phycomycetes were
isolated using PDA medium and identification by using standard manuals. The
maximum number of fungal isolates were recorded in valangaiman (20) when compared to other stations. The
dominant species recorded were Aspergillus and Penicillium .
KEYWORDS: Fungal diversity, Chilli field, Thiruvarur district
INTRODUCTION:
The beneficial effects of soil microorganisms are
manifold and range from nitrogen fixation and organic matter decomposition to
breakdown of metabolic by products and agrochemical, enhancing the
bioavailability of nitrates, sulphates, phosphates
and essential metals (Bridge and Spooner, 2001).
Fungi are an important component of the soil microbiota typically constituting more of the soil biomass
than bacteria, depending on soil depth and nutrient conditions (Ainsworth and
Bishy,1995). The role of fungi in the soil is an
extremely complex one and it is fundamental to the soil ecosystem. They perform
ecological services that strongly impact the quality of human life and have
enormous potential for providing economic benefits. Microfungi
play a focal role in nutrient cycling by regulating soil biological activity (Arunachalam et.al.,
1997). However, the rate at which organic matter is decomposed by the microbes
is interrelated to the chemical composition of the substrate, as well as
environmental agricultural field. Some studies dealt with the influence of
plant community (Chung et al., 2007., Carney and
Matson.,2006).
It is estimated that there are 1.5 million fungal
species on earth, of which only about 70,000 have been described so far (Hawksworth and Rossman, 1997).The
present research is an attempt to study the fungal diversity from four
different stations of Thiruvarur District.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Collection of
soil sample:
Soil samples were collected from Thiruvarur,
Nannilam, Kudavasal and Valangaiman.
Soil
analysis:
The Physico-chemical
parameters of the soil samples were analysed in
testing laboratory, Dept of Agriculture, Govt of
Tamil nadu, Tiruchirapalli-20.
Isolation of
fungi:
Isolation of fungi was performed by serial dilution
technique using potato dextrose agar medium.
The medium was prepared and sterilized at 121°C (15 lbs pressure) for 15 minutes. Then it was
supplemented with 1% streptomycin to prevent bacterial growth. The medium was poured
in to the sterile petriplates. The serially diluted
soil samples were directly inoculated in to Petriplates
containing PDA medium.The inoculated plates were
incubated at 28±2°C for 3 days.
Pure Culture
and identification:
Purification of the fungi were
made by single spore culture method. A portion of the growing edge of each
colony was picked up with the help of a pair of needles and mounted on a clean
slide with lactophenol cotton blue.
The slide was gently heated over the flame so as to
remove air bubbles. The excess stain was wiped off with the help of tissue
paper and then the cover slip was sealed with transparent nail polish for semi
permanent. The slide was observed under microscope and microphotographs of the
individual fungal species were also taken using Nikon optiphot
Microscope (Japan).
Identification of the organisms were made with the help
of Manual of soil fungi (Gillman, 1957), Dematiaceous
Hyphomycetes (Ellis 1971), More Dematiaceous
Hyphomycetes (Ellis and Ellis 1976), Hypohmycetes (Subramanian 1971).
RESULT AND DISCUSSION:
Though the fungal species are
cosmopolitan in distribution, their population in the particular habit, due to
fluctuation in the Physico – chemical parameter. In the present study Physico
– chemical parameters of the soil samples like pH, electrical conductivity,
organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, zinc, copper, iron, manganese
were analysed.
In the present investigation a total of 40 species of
soil fungi were isolated from the soil sample and the maximum number of fungi
isolates were recorded in Valangaiman (20) followed
by Thiruvarur (18) Nannilam
and Kudavasal (16). All these 40 species are belonged
to (15) genera.
Generally topsoil contains high organic matter, which
in the presence of adequate moisture supply, acted upon by the microorganisms
to decompose the complex organic residues into simpler forms,
hence, microbial populations are generally higher in the surface soil layer
(Shamir and Steinberger, 2007) as compared to the lower depths. However, the distribution
of soil microbial population is determined by a number of environmental factors
like pH, Moisture content and soil organic matter (Kennedy et al., 2005). Higher fungal population during rainy and autumn
season supported the findings of other workers (Arunachalam et al., 1997), which perhaps due to
prevailing favorable moisture and temperature setting during the period. Litter
and other plant residues are decomposed faster during rainy season and
sufficient soil organic matter and humus accumulates that may have enhanced the
colonization of the soil microbes in subsequent period.
The fungal populations were correlated with nitrogen
levels and soil moisture (Lorgio et al.,1999) and they were statistically
significant.
The abundance of microorganisms in soil varies
spatially as well as temporarily, and this pattern is related to
temporal and spatial variations in the quantity and quality of nutrients (Nedwell and Gray, 1987; wardle,1992). Microorganisms
respond to nitrogen (Jenkins et al.,
1988; Wardle, 1992) organic matter (Hussey et
al., 1985; Jenkins et al., 1988;
Lynch and Whipps 1990) and soil moisture (Bottner, 1985; Jenkins et
al., 1988 wardle, 1992).
Table
1. Monthly
variation of soil mycoflora in chilli
field of Thiruvarur (Dt) (June 2009-May 2010)
|
S. No. |
Name of the Mycoflora |
Jun |
July |
Aug |
Sep |
Oct |
Nov |
Dec |
Jan |
Feb |
Mar |
April |
May |
Percentage Frequency |
|
1. |
Absidia glauca |
3.0 |
- |
3.0 |
5 |
- |
4 |
4.0 |
5.0 |
- |
2.3 |
3.6 |
- |
66.6 |
|
2. |
Alternaria alternata |
4.0 |
4.0 |
1.0 |
4.6 |
- |
4.6 |
3.6 |
- |
2.6 |
1.6 |
- |
1.3 |
75.0 |
|
3. |
Aspergillus conicus |
4.0 |
- |
2.0 |
4.0 |
- |
4.3 |
3.3 |
3.0 |
1.6 |
- |
4.6 |
2.0 |
75.0 |
|
4. |
A. flavus |
3.0 |
- |
3.3 |
- |
- |
- |
4.0 |
3.3 |
- |
2.3 |
3.0 |
1.3 |
58.3 |
|
5. |
A. niger |
3.0 |
4.0 |
- |
4.6 |
3.3 |
4.6 |
3.3 |
4.6 |
3.0 |
4.3 |
- |
2.0 |
83.3 |
|
6. |
A. terreus |
4.0 |
2.0 |
- |
3.3 |
3.0 |
4.6 |
3.0 |
3 |
- |
- |
2.6 |
1.6 |
75.0 |
|
7. |
A. wenti |
3.0 |
1.6 |
- |
1.3 |
2.0 |
- |
3.0 |
2.3 |
2.0 |
1.6 |
1.6 |
1.6 |
83.3 |
|
8. |
Achrophilosphora fusispora |
4.0 |
- |
- |
4.0 |
- |
3.3 |
2.6 |
2.6 |
- |
1.6 |
- |
2.0 |
58.3 |
|
9. |
Curvularia lunata |
2.6 |
1.6 |
3.0 |
2.3 |
4.3 |
4.3 |
3.6 |
- |
3.0 |
3.6 |
3.0 |
2.6 |
91.6 |
|
10. |
Chaetomium sp |
- |
1.0 |
- |
`- |
- |
1.3 |
2.3 |
2.6 |
3.3 |
3.0 |
1.6 |
3.0 |
66.6 |
|
11. |
Fusarium oxysporum |
3.0 |
- |
- |
3.3 |
4.6 |
4.6 |
3.3 |
- |
3.0 |
3.0 |
1.6 |
3.0 |
66.6 |
|
12. |
Helminthosporium oryzae |
2.0 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
2.0 |
2.3 |
2.0 |
4.3 |
- |
1.3 |
3.6 |
58.3 |
|
13. |
Pencillium citrinum |
2.0 |
- |
3.6 |
5.3 |
- |
4.0 |
4.3 |
1.3 |
3.3 |
3.0 |
- |
- |
66.6 |
|
14. |
P. turbatum |
3.0 |
- |
- |
4.6 |
4.0 |
3.3 |
4.0 |
- |
- |
4.0 |
2.0 |
4.3 |
66.6 |
|
15. |
Pythium debaryanum |
3.6 |
3.6 |
2.6 |
5.6 |
5.0 |
5.3 |
4.6 |
5.6 |
5.0 |
5.3 |
5.3 |
5.0 |
100 |
|
16. |
Rhizopus sp |
2.6 |
1.3 |
- |
- |
- |
2.3 |
2.0 |
2.0 |
3.6 |
- |
2.0 |
1.3 |
66.6 |
|
17. |
Torula alli |
1.0 |
1.0 |
2.4 |
1.3 |
1.3 |
1.6 |
- |
1.0 |
- |
1 |
1.3 |
2.0 |
83.3 |
|
18. |
Trichoderma viride |
1.0 |
- |
- |
1.3 |
- |
- |
2.0 |
- |
- |
- |
1.3 |
- |
33.3 |
|
|
Total no of
colonies |
48.8 |
20.1 |
20.9 |
50.5 |
27.5 |
54.1 |
55.2 |
38.3 |
34.7 |
36.6 |
33.2 |
35.9 |
|
|
|
Total no of species |
17 |
9 |
8 |
14 |
8 |
15 |
17 |
13 |
11 |
13 |
13 |
15 |
|
Rani and Panneerselvam (2010)
reported that the diversity and distribution of different organisms in the
marine environment are influenced by the Physico-chemical
properties of both water and the sendiments. Point calimere includes many diverse habitats such as sandy and
muddy shores and mangroves which have various Physico-chemical
features. A total of 59 fungal species were isolated from all four stations. In
the present study a total of 40 soil fungi were isolated. However, a few fungal
species were noticed in monthly variations of the years across the sites.
Senthilkumar et al., 2009
collected 15 soil samples from three different stations namely Koraiyar river head, Saradi, and
Xavier munai along the Muthupet Mangroves in Tamilnadu
and examined by dilution plating method on PDA medium to access fungal
diversity and the population diversity. Out of 22 species screened the Aspergillus and Penicillium
were represented as dominant one of each. In the present study also species
like Aspergillus
and Penicillium
were common to all sites.
Danial Thomas et al., 2010
screened forty two species belonging to 11 genera in Shencottai
(a small town in the South Western Tamilnadu
bordering Kerala state). Compositional differences were observed and
saprophytic species predominating in the litter layer. Most of the genera
detected belonged to the Ascomycetes with a fewer
proportion belonging to Deuteromycetes. In the
present study about 40 different species belonging to Ascomycetes
and Phycomycetes were isolated. However, only a few
fungal species were noticed in monthly variations of the year across the sites.
Table
2. Monthly
variation of soil mycoflora in chilli
field of Nannilam Taluk
(June 2009-May 2010)
|
S. No. |
Name of the mycoflora |
Jun |
July |
Aug |
Sep |
Oct |
Nov |
Dec |
Jan |
Feb |
Mar |
April |
May |
Percentage Frequency |
|
1. |
Aspergillus awamori |
- |
3.0 |
- |
2.6 |
2 |
3.5 |
4 |
2.6 |
2.2 |
- |
2 |
1.3 |
75 |
|
2. |
A. fumigatus |
3.0 |
4.0 |
- |
1.0 |
1.6 |
3.0 |
3.0 |
2.3 |
2.3 |
1.6 |
1.3 |
1.0 |
83.3 |
|
3. |
A. granulosis |
- |
3.0 |
2.0 |
- |
2.0 |
3.0 |
2.6 |
2.0 |
2.0 |
1.6 |
2.0 |
2.0 |
83.3 |
|
4. |
A. niger |
- |
4.3 |
4.0 |
3.3 |
3.6 |
4.6 |
5.2 |
4.6 |
2.6 |
3.3 |
3.0 |
1.6 |
91.6 |
|
5. |
A. ochraceous |
- |
- |
1.0 |
1.6 |
- |
2.6 |
3.3 |
2.0 |
- |
- |
2.0 |
1.6 |
58.3 |
|
6. |
A. sydowi |
3.3 |
- |
1.6 |
2.0 |
- |
3.0 |
5.0 |
2.0 |
- |
2.0 |
2.6 |
- |
66.6 |
|
7. |
A. versicolar |
2.6 |
3.5 |
3.0 |
- |
- |
2.6 |
2.0 |
1.0 |
1.6 |
- |
2.0 |
1.6 |
75 |
|
8. |
Curvularia geniculata |
3.0 |
- |
2.3 |
- |
1.6 |
2.6 |
1.6 |
2.0 |
- |
- |
2.0 |
- |
58.3 |
|
9. |
Chaetomium globosum |
2.6 |
- |
- |
2.0 |
3.0 |
2.3 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
1.3 |
- |
- |
1.0 |
66.6 |
|
10. |
Fusarium semitectum |
- |
- |
1.3 |
- |
- |
2.0 |
1.3 |
1.3 |
2.0 |
2.0 |
- |
1.0 |
58.3 |
|
11. |
Masoniella sp |
2.0 |
- |
- |
1.3 |
- |
- |
- |
1.0 |
- |
- |
- |
1.3 |
33.3 |
|
12. |
Penicillium chrysogenum |
3.0 |
- |
- |
3.0 |
3.0 |
3.6 |
5.0 |
2.3 |
2.0 |
3.0 |
2.0 |
3.0 |
83.3 |
|
13. |
P. janthinellum |
- |
2.0 |
3.0 |
3.3 |
3.3 |
2.6 |
4.0 |
3.0 |
2.0 |
- |
- |
3.3 |
75 |
|
14. |
Pythium debaryanum |
4 |
5.0 |
2.0 |
4.6 |
5.0 |
5.6 |
5.3 |
4.3 |
4.3 |
4.3 |
5.3 |
4.6 |
100 |
|
15. |
Rhizopus nigricans |
2.0 |
- |
- |
2.3 |
- |
2.6 |
2.0 |
1.3 |
2.0 |
- |
- |
- |
50 |
|
16. |
Trichoderma harzianum |
- |
1.6 |
- |
- |
1.3 |
- |
1.3 |
2.0 |
- |
- |
- |
1.3 |
41.6 |
|
|
Total no. of colonies |
25.5 |
26.5 |
20.2 |
27 |
26.4 |
43.6 |
46.6 |
34.7 |
24.3 |
17.8 |
24.2 |
24.6 |
|
|
|
Total no. of species |
9 |
8 |
9 |
11 |
10 |
14 |
15 |
16 |
11 |
7 |
10 |
13 |
|
Table
3. Monthly
variation of soil mycoflora in chilli
field of Kudavasal (June 2009-May 2010)
|
S. No. |
Name of the mycoflora |
Jun |
July |
Aug |
Sep |
Oct |
Nov |
Dec |
Jan |
Feb |
Mar |
April |
May |
Percentage Frequency |
|
1. |
Aspergillus conicus |
2.0 |
- |
- |
1.3 |
- |
2.0 |
2.0 |
2.3 |
1.0 |
- |
3 |
2.3 |
66.6 |
|
2. |
A. flavus |
1.3 |
2.0 |
1.3 |
- |
- |
2.3 |
1.3 |
1.6 |
2.3 |
2.0 |
- |
2.0 |
75 |
|
3. |
A.humicola |
2.0 |
- |
- |
1.0 |
- |
2.0 |
2.0 |
1.6 |
1.3 |
2.6 |
- |
1.6 |
66.6 |
|
4. |
A. flavipes |
- |
1.6 |
2.0 |
- |
- |
2.3 |
1.3 |
1.3 |
2.3 |
- |
1.3 |
1.6 |
66.6 |
|
5. |
A. nidulans |
- |
1.6 |
2.0 |
1.3 |
2.0 |
3.3 |
2.6 |
2.0 |
- |
2.0 |
1.0 |
2.3 |
83.3 |
|
6. |
A. sulphureus |
- |
1.3 |
1.3 |
2.3 |
- |
- |
1.3 |
2.3 |
1.0 |
- |
3.0 |
2.3 |
66.6 |
|
7. |
A. versicolar |
2.3 |
- |
1.3 |
1.6 |
2.0 |
3.3 |
2.6 |
2.0 |
2.3 |
1.6 |
2.0 |
- |
83.3 |
|
8. |
Curvularia lunata |
2.6 |
1.6 |
- |
2.0 |
- |
2.0 |
3.3 |
2.3 |
1.6 |
- |
1.3 |
2.6 |
75 |
|
9. |
C. geniculata |
1.3 |
1.3 |
2.0 |
2.0 |
2.6 |
2.6 |
1.6 |
1.6 |
2.0 |
2.0 |
- |
- |
83.3 |
|
10. |
Chaetomium globosum |
2.0 |
2.0 |
- |
- |
1.3 |
3.0 |
2.0 |
- |
1.6 |
- |
3.0 |
- |
58.3 |
|
11. |
Fusarium oxysporum |
- |
- |
- |
1.6 |
1.3 |
3.6 |
1.6 |
2.0 |
1.6 |
- |
- |
- |
50 |
|
12. |
Penicillium citrinum |
2.3 |
2.0 |
1.6 |
- |
2.0 |
2.6 |
2.0 |
2.3 |
- |
3.0 |
1.6 |
2.3 |
83.3 |
|
13. |
P. turbatum |
- |
- |
1.3 |
2.6 |
2.0 |
2.0 |
2.0 |
2.3 |
2.3 |
- |
- |
2.6 |
66.6 |
|
14. |
Pythium debaryanum |
3.6 |
3.6 |
3.0 |
3.6 |
3.0 |
4.0 |
5.0 |
5.3 |
4.3 |
4.3 |
5.0 |
- |
91.6 |
|
15. |
Rhizopus nigricans |
1.3 |
- |
1.6 |
2.0 |
- |
2.6 |
1.3 |
- |
- |
1.3 |
1.6 |
2.0 |
66.6 |
|
16. |
Syncephalastrum sp. |
- |
1.6 |
- |
- |
1.3 |
2.6 |
1.6 |
2.3 |
- |
- |
- |
1.3 |
50 |
|
|
Total no. of colonies |
20.7 |
18.6 |
17.4 |
21.3 |
17.5 |
40.2 |
33.5 |
31.2 |
23.6 |
18.8 |
22.8 |
22.9 |
|
|
|
Total no. of species |
10 |
10 |
10 |
11 |
9 |
15 |
16 |
14 |
12 |
8 |
10 |
11 |
|
Table
4. Monthly variation of soil mycoflora in chilli field of Valangaiman (June
2009-May 2010)
|
S. No. |
Name of the Mycoflora |
Jun |
July |
Aug |
Sep |
Oct |
Nov |
Dec |
Jan |
Feb |
Mar |
April |
May |
Percentage Frequency |
|
1. |
Absidia glauca |
1.6 |
- |
1.6 |
- |
2.0 |
2.6 |
3 |
2.6 |
1.6 |
- |
3.3 |
2.3 |
75 |
|
2. |
Alternaria alternata |
- |
3.0 |
- |
2.6 |
2.6 |
3.3 |
2.6 |
2.0 |
- |
3.6 |
2.0 |
- |
66.6 |
|
3. |
Aspergillus awamori |
- |
- |
2.0 |
- |
- |
2.0 |
3.6 |
2.3 |
- |
- |
2.0 |
2.0 |
50 |
|
4. |
A. flavus |
2.0 |
1.3 |
- |
2.6 |
2.0 |
3.0 |
3.0 |
2.6 |
- |
1.3. |
3.0 |
- |
75 |
|
5. |
A. fumigatus |
- |
2.3 |
2.0 |
- |
3.0 |
2.0 |
2.0 |
3.0 |
- |
2.6 |
1.6 |
- |
66.6 |
|
6. |
A. humicola |
3.0 |
- |
3.0 |
- |
- |
1.3 |
2.3 |
2.0 |
- |
2.0 |
- |
3.6 |
58.3 |
|
7. |
A. luchuensis |
2.6 |
2.3 |
- |
- |
- |
2.3 |
2.0 |
2.0 |
2.0 |
2.6 |
3.0 |
1.3 |
75 |
|
8. |
A. nidulans |
- |
2.0 |
1.3 |
3.0 |
1.6 |
3.0 |
2.3 |
2.3 |
2.3 |
- |
3.6 |
3.0 |
83.3 |
|
9. |
A. niger |
3.0 |
- |
3.0 |
3.0 |
3.6 |
4.0 |
- |
2.6 |
1.3 |
4.0 |
2.3 |
2.6 |
83.3 |
|
10. |
A. ochraceous |
2.0 |
2.0 |
- |
- |
2.3 |
1.6 |
2.0 |
2.0 |
- |
- |
4.0 |
2.0 |
66.6 |
|
11. |
A. sydowi |
3.3 |
- |
2.3 |
2.0 |
2.3 |
2.0 |
3.3 |
2.6 |
2.0 |
3.0 |
- |
- |
75 |
|
12. |
A. sulphureus |
- |
2.3 |
2.0 |
- |
- |
2.0 |
2.6 |
3.0 |
1.3 |
- |
3.6 |
- |
58.3 |
|
13. |
A. terreus |
- |
- |
- |
1.3 |
2.6 |
1.6 |
2.0 |
1.6 |
2.3 |
3.6 |
1.3 |
2.3 |
75 |
|
14. |
Curvularia lunata |
1.3 |
2.0 |
3.0 |
- |
- |
2.3 |
- |
2.0 |
2.0 |
1.6 |
2.0 |
- |
66.6 |
|
15. |
Fusarium oxysporum |
- |
2.3 |
- |
1.3 |
1.3 |
1.6 |
2.3 |
2.3 |
2.3 |
- |
- |
2.6 |
66.6 |
|
16. |
Helminthosporium oryzae |
2.3 |
- |
2.0 |
- |
2.3 |
2.3 |
3.0 |
2.6 |
- |
2.0 |
2.0 |
3.3 |
75 |
|
17. |
Penicillium citrinum |
- |
3.3 |
3.3 |
- |
3.3 |
1.6 |
2.6 |
2.3 |
2.6 |
3.0 |
- |
- |
66.6 |
|
18. |
P. funiculosum |
2.6 |
- |
- |
2.6 |
2.6 |
3.0 |
3.4 |
3.0 |
1.6 |
1.3 |
3.0 |
3.3 |
83.3 |
|
19. |
P. turbatum |
3.3 |
3.0 |
2.6 |
3.0 |
- |
2.0 |
2.6 |
1.6 |
2.0 |
- |
2.0 |
- |
75 |
|
20. |
Pythium debaryanum |
5 |
3 |
4.3 |
4.3 |
5 |
4.6 |
4.1 |
4.3 |
4.1 |
4.6 |
4.0 |
2.4 |
100 |
|
21. |
Trichoderma koeninji |
- |
- |
- |
1.3 |
2 |
- |
1.3 |
1.6 |
1.0 |
1.1 |
- |
- |
50 |
|
|
Total no. of colonies |
32 |
28.8 |
32.4 |
27 |
38.5 |
47.1 |
50 |
50.3 |
28.4 |
36.5 |
42.7 |
30.7 |
|
|
|
Total no. of species |
12 |
12 |
13 |
11 |
15 |
20 |
19 |
21 |
14 |
14 |
16 |
12 |
|
Table
1. Physico-chemical parameters of chilli
field soil in Thiruvarur Taluk
(June 2009-May 2010)
|
S. No. |
Name of the Parameters |
Jun |
July |
Aug |
Sep |
Oct |
Nov |
Dec |
Jan |
Feb |
Mar |
April |
May |
|
1. |
pH |
7.32 |
7.46 |
7.52 |
7.98 |
8.26 |
7.45 |
7.68 |
7.62 |
7.59 |
7.56 |
7.54 |
7.58 |
|
2. |
Ec(dsm-1) |
0.21 |
0.42 |
0.23 |
0.95 |
1.26 |
0.52 |
0.46 |
0.46 |
0.45 |
0.54 |
0.43 |
0.51 |
|
3. |
Organic carbon(%) Organic matter |
0.18 0.31 |
0.32 0.55 |
0.22 0.37 |
0.46 0.79 |
0.58 0.99 |
0.54 0.93 |
0.45 0.77 |
0.39 0.67 |
0.36 0.62 |
0.23 0.39 |
0.32 0.55 |
0.28 0.48 |
|
4. |
Available nitrogen(Kg/ac) |
86.2 |
92.1 |
96.3 |
110.2 |
126.3 |
142.6 |
109.2 |
122.3 |
112.2 |
110.5 |
107.3 |
114.2 |
|
5. |
Available phosphorus(Kg/ac) |
3.13 |
3.21 |
3.25 |
4.56 |
4.69 |
4.58 |
5.25 |
4.50 |
4.75 |
4.50 |
4.38 |
4.56 |
|
6. |
Available potassium(Kg/ac) |
132 |
121 |
111 |
145 |
163 |
145 |
180 |
179 |
189 |
165 |
182 |
154 |
|
7. |
Available zinc(ppm) |
0.52 |
0.61 |
0.63 |
0.96 |
1.23 |
1.25 |
1.19 |
1.12 |
1.06 |
1.23 |
1.12 |
1.26 |
|
8. |
Available copper(ppm) |
0.72 |
0.79 |
0.85 |
1.26 |
1.23 |
1.36 |
1.12 |
1.26 |
1.22 |
1.20 |
1.12 |
1.24 |
|
9. |
Available iron(ppm) |
2.41 |
2.58 |
2.65 |
4.56 |
4.56 |
4.69 |
9.58 |
9.63 |
9.56 |
9.64 |
9.43 |
9.53 |
|
10. |
Available manganese(ppm) |
1.38 |
1.58 |
1.69 |
2.69 |
3.15 |
3.68 |
3.25 |
3.56 |
3.26 |
3.21 |
3.12 |
3.34 |
|
11. |
Fine sand(%) |
42.25 |
45.35 |
42.35 |
45.69 |
45.05 |
44.12 |
45.63 |
43.56 |
42.69 |
45.63 |
44.32 |
45.53 |
|
12. |
Coarse sand(%) |
21.35 |
22.16 |
23.16 |
20.35 |
18.96 |
21.12 |
22.45 |
23.65 |
22.56 |
25.69 |
21.45 |
25.59 |
|
13. |
Silt(%) |
16.35 |
18.58 |
19.65 |
16.58 |
21.65 |
15.69 |
18.45 |
19.65 |
18.96 |
20.16 |
16.65 |
20.13 |
|
14. |
Clay(%) |
13.79 |
14.33 |
14.84 |
17.38 |
14.33 |
19.07 |
13.47 |
13.14 |
15.79 |
8.52 |
13.79 |
8.56 |
|
15. |
Cation exchange Capacity(Mole Protein+/Kg) |
12.6 |
17.6 |
12.3 |
19.6 |
18.6 |
20.3 |
24.6 |
23.2 |
22.6 |
21.6 |
21.2 |
21.9 |
|
16. |
Calcium |
5.8 |
6.2 |
6.5 |
9.6 |
9.6 |
10.6 |
14.6 |
14.2 |
13.6 |
12.6 |
11.6 |
12.2 |
|
17. |
Magnesium |
6.2 |
10.3 |
6.5 |
7.6 |
8.6 |
8.6 |
12.6 |
11.21 |
10.3 |
10.3 |
9.2 |
8.2 |
|
18. |
Sodium |
0.41 |
0.51 |
0.56 |
1.56 |
1.69 |
1.58 |
2.75 |
2.22 |
2.56 |
2.36 |
2.23 |
2.46 |
|
19. |
Potassium |
0.21. |
0.26 |
0.21 |
0.26 |
0.36 |
0.36 |
0.26 |
0.18 |
0.26 |
0.23 |
0.23 |
0.21 |
Statistical Report: Statistically not significant at 0.05% level.
Table
2. Physico-chemical parameters of chilli
field soil in Nannilam Taluk (June 2009-May 2010)
|
S. No. |
Name of the Parameters |
Jun |
July |
Aug |
Sep |
Oct |
Nov |
Dec |
Jan |
Feb |
Mar |
April |
May |
|
1. |
pH |
7.31 |
7.46 |
7.45 |
7.89 |
8.15 |
7.56 |
7.69 |
7.56 |
7.46 |
7.96 |
7.98 |
7.56 |
|
2. |
Ec(dsm-1) |
0.22 |
0.32 |
0.21 |
0.87 |
1.15 |
0.38 |
0.36 |
0.22 |
0.26 |
0.42 |
0.48 |
0.38 |
|
3. |
Organic carbon(%) Organic matter |
0.26 0.44 |
0.42 0.72 |
0.26 0.44 |
0.48 0.82 |
0.56 0.96 |
0.39 0.67 |
0.36 0.62 |
0.30 0.51 |
0.29 0.49 |
0.36 0.62 |
0.22 0.37 |
0.31 0.53 |
|
4. |
Available nitrogen(Kg/ac) |
97.4 |
98.1 |
98.5 |
114.6 |
112.3 |
128.9 |
112.5 |
110.5 |
97.6 |
106.3 |
115.3 |
96.5 |
|
5. |
Available phosphorus(Kg/ac) |
3.45 |
3.56 |
3.65 |
4.26 |
4.58 |
4.96 |
4.50 |
4.25 |
4.50 |
4.75 |
4.35 |
4.65 |
|
6. |
Available potassium(Kg/ac) |
102 |
116 |
112 |
142 |
158 |
163 |
165 |
163 |
156 |
155 |
146 |
153 |
|
7. |
Available zinc(ppm) |
0.32 |
0.43 |
0.58 |
1.02 |
1.56 |
1.20 |
1.22 |
1.08 |
1.12 |
1.20 |
1.04 |
1.13 |
|
8. |
Available copper(ppm) |
0.53 |
0.65 |
0.68 |
1.23 |
1.25 |
1.52 |
1.25 |
1.25 |
1.32 |
1.09 |
1.22 |
1.35 |
|
9. |
Available iron(ppm) |
2.36 |
4.22 |
2.48 |
4.26 |
4.29 |
4.35 |
8.75 |
8.49 |
8.46 |
8.79 |
8.25 |
8.68 |
|
10. |
Available manganese(ppm) |
1.37 |
1.45 |
1.57 |
2.56 |
3.65 |
3.62 |
3.45 |
3.26 |
3.15 |
3.56 |
3.46 |
3.49 |
|
11. |
Fine sand(%) |
44.13 |
42.12 |
41.20 |
45.12 |
44.23 |
45.23 |
42.65 |
42.58 |
45.26 |
48.54 |
42.48 |
48.32 |
|
12. |
Coarse sand(%) |
21.45 |
22.46 |
23.65 |
21.30 |
17.69 |
21.36 |
21.36 |
22.48 |
24.56 |
24.57 |
24.48 |
24.37 |
|
13. |
Silt(%) |
16.79 |
17.45 |
17.89 |
17.56 |
22.35 |
16.68 |
19.39 |
18.65 |
17.89 |
21.36 |
21.46 |
22.15 |
|
14. |
Clay(%) |
15.52 |
16.43 |
17.26 |
15.52 |
15.73 |
16.73 |
19.60 |
16.29 |
12.63 |
5.53 |
16.63 |
12.23 |
|
15. |
Cation exchange Capacity(Mole Protein+/Kg) |
12.6 |
13.3 |
13.6 |
18.6 |
19.3 |
19.6 |
23.4 |
22.5 |
21.6 |
20.5 |
21.3 |
20.4 |
|
16. |
Calcium |
6.9 |
7.1 |
7.3 |
8.9 |
9.5 |
10.8 |
12.8 |
13.6 |
12.6 |
13.2 |
13.3 |
13.8 |
|
17. |
Magnesium |
8.2 |
7.3 |
6.3 |
7.5 |
8.7 |
8.4 |
12.8 |
12.3 |
9.8 |
10.8 |
9.5 |
12.6 |
|
18. |
Sodium |
0.38 |
0.41 |
0.48 |
1.29 |
1.89 |
1.69 |
2.79 |
2.16 |
2.45 |
2.54 |
2.35 |
2.46 |
|
19. |
Potassium |
0.18 |
0.32 |
0.32 |
0.32 |
0.25 |
0.25 |
0.25 |
0.19 |
0.25 |
0.25 |
0.19 |
0.32 |
Statistical Report:
The
Correlation coefficient between the physico-chemical
character and TNS (Total No Species). The positive correlation were observed between TNS
and APO (Available Potassium) (0.621³0.05), TNS and CEC (Cation Exchange Capacity) (0.621³0.05).
Table 3 . Physico-chemical parameters of chilli
field soil in Kudavasal Taluk
(June 2009-May 2010)
|
S. No. |
Name of the Parameters |
Jun |
July |
Aug |
Sep |
Oct |
Nov |
Dec |
Jan |
Feb |
Mar |
April |
May |
|
1. |
pH |
7.18 |
7.36 |
7.36 |
8.15 |
8.69 |
8.16 |
8.06 |
7.98 |
7.98 |
8.12 |
8.15 |
8.16 |
|
2. |
Ec(dsm-1) |
0.32 |
0.39 |
0.36 |
0.69 |
1.36 |
0.36 |
0.32 |
0.36 |
0.35 |
0.39 |
0.32 |
0.38 |
|
3. |
Organic carbon(%) Organic matter |
0.29 0.49 |
0.35 0.60 |
0.28 0.48 |
0.52 0.89 |
0.58 0.99 |
0.41 0.70 |
0.42 0.72 |
0.35 0.60 |
0.34 0.58 |
0.29 0.49 |
0.28 0.48 |
0.39 0.67 |
|
4. |
Available nitrogen(Kg/ac) |
93.8 |
87.6 |
87.6 |
123.5 |
126.8 |
136.5 |
110.4 |
116.3 |
93.8 |
102.4 |
91.7 |
108.4 |
|
5. |
Available phosphorus(Kg/ac) |
3.30 |
3.45 |
3.48 |
4.36 |
4.26 |
4.78 |
5.36 |
3.75 |
3.50 |
3.75 |
3.10 |
3.65 |
|
6. |
Available potassium(Kg/ac) |
112 |
132 |
113 |
152 |
149 |
152 |
180 |
182 |
178 |
132 |
162 |
152 |
|
7. |
Available zinc(ppm) |
0.45 |
0.55 |
0.65 |
1.06 |
1.45 |
1.06 |
1.36 |
1.26 |
1.23 |
1.21 |
1.23 |
1.33 |
|
8. |
Available copper(ppm) |
0.47 |
0.57 |
0.57 |
1.15 |
1.48 |
1.45 |
1.26 |
1.23 |
1.20 |
1.45 |
1.13 |
1.58 |
|
9. |
Available iron(ppm) |
2.45 |
4.12 |
2.65 |
4.21 |
4.36 |
4.28 |
8.46 |
8.78 |
8.46 |
8.65 |
8.36 |
8.75 |
|
10. |
Available manganese(ppm) |
1.29 |
2.34 |
1.49 |
2.54 |
3.45 |
3.18 |
3.25 |
3.54 |
3.25 |
3.15 |
3.14 |
3.49 |
|
11. |
Fine sand(%) |
41.26 |
41.36 |
43.69 |
45.78 |
43.65 |
43.26 |
43.12 |
46.35 |
41.36 |
47.50 |
43.26 |
46.50 |
|
12. |
Coarse sand(%) |
21.12 |
23.17 |
24.69 |
20.14 |
18.69 |
21.27 |
23.15 |
21.65 |
21.23 |
26.34 |
21.27 |
26.54 |
|
13. |
Silt(%) |
17.46 |
18.34 |
18.64 |
18.64 |
20.36 |
17.26 |
18.45 |
17.56 |
17.56 |
15.16 |
17.26 |
15.56 |
|
14. |
Clay(%) |
11.38 |
12.38 |
12.98 |
15.44 |
17.30 |
18.21 |
15.28 |
14.44 |
19.85 |
11.00 |
19.38 |
14.3 |
|
15. |
Cation exchange Capacity(Mole Protein+/Kg) |
14.2 |
15.2 |
15.2 |
17.5 |
17.9 |
21.3 |
24.5 |
23.4 |
22.8 |
21.8 |
6.9 |
7.9 |
|
16. |
Calcium |
5.9 |
6..3 |
6.9 |
9.4 |
10.2 |
11.2 |
14.6 |
14.2 |
12.3 |
15.6 |
11.3 |
16.6 |
|
17. |
Magnesium |
5.7 |
6.3 |
6.7 |
7.9 |
9.6 |
8.9 |
11.5 |
10.3 |
9.6 |
11.2 |
10.7 |
11.6 |
|
18. |
Sodium |
0.15 |
0.25 |
0.35 |
1.48 |
1.85 |
1.78 |
2.89 |
2.35 |
2.22 |
2.19 |
2.12 |
2.16 |
|
19. |
Potassium |
0.15 |
0.18 |
0.25 |
0.25 |
0.34 |
0.16 |
0.28 |
0.22 |
0.19 |
0.26 |
0.26 |
0.29 |
Statistical Report
The
Correlation coefficient between the physico-chemical
character and TNS (Total No Species). The positive correlation were observed between TNS
and AP (Available Phosphorus) (0.683³0.05), TNS and APO (Available Potassium)
(0.647³0.05).
Table
4. Physico-chemical parameters of chilli
field soil in Valangaiman (June 2009-May 2010)
|
S. No. |
Name of the Parameters |
Jun |
July |
Aug |
Sep |
Oct |
Nov |
Dec |
Jan |
Feb |
Mar |
April |
May |
|
1. |
pH |
7.39 |
7.56 |
7.59 |
8.26 |
8.45 |
7.52 |
7.49 |
7.46 |
7.48 |
7.25 |
7.38 |
7.28 |
|
2. |
Ec(dsm-1) |
0.42 |
0.49 |
0.32 |
0.89 |
1.25 |
0.46 |
0.44 |
0.45 |
0.42 |
0.42 |
0..79 |
0.49 |
|
3. |
Organic carbon(%) Organic matter |
0.24 0.41 |
0.31 0.53 |
0.24 0.41 |
0.42 0.72 |
0.54 0.93 |
0.38 0.65 |
0.36 0.62 |
0.32 0.55 |
0.28 0.48 |
0.31 0.53 |
0.32 0.55 |
0.24 0.41 |
|
4. |
Available nitrogen(Kg/ac) |
85.3 |
95.3 |
84.5 |
126.5 |
136.5 |
132.5 |
116.3 |
114.2 |
95.6 |
106.3 |
93.3 |
82.3 |
|
5. |
Available phosphorus(Kg/ac) |
3.75 |
4.75 |
3.15 |
4.23 |
4.19 |
4.51 |
4.25 |
4.0 |
3.75 |
3.25 |
3.35 |
3.45 |
|
6. |
Available potassium(Kg/ac) |
143 |
153 |
118 |
146 |
156 |
148 |
160 |
156 |
146 |
148 |
136 |
123 |
|
7. |
Available zinc(ppm) |
0.37 |
1.15 |
0.67 |
1.12 |
1.23 |
1.24 |
1.23 |
1.12 |
1.05 |
1.25 |
1.01 |
1.13 |
|
8. |
Available copper(ppm) |
0.69 |
1.24 |
0.79 |
1.06 |
1.12 |
1.32 |
1.20 |
1.24 |
1.25 |
1.36 |
1.15 |
1.11 |
|
9. |
Available iron(ppm) |
2.18 |
9.13 |
2.48 |
4.36 |
4.18 |
4.67 |
9.50 |
9.56 |
9.16 |
9.62 |
9.26 |
9.32 |
|
10. |
Available manganese(ppm) |
1.32 |
2.35 |
1.52 |
2.65 |
3.29 |
3.59 |
3.82 |
3.89 |
3.65 |
3.63 |
3.39 |
3.93 |
|
11. |
Fine sand(%) |
41.16 |
42.32 |
42.72 |
41.26 |
44.58 |
41.25 |
44.12 |
45.12 |
48.62 |
46.23 |
44.62 |
45.72 |
|
12. |
Coarse sand(%) |
21.16 |
24.26 |
21.36 |
22.01 |
17.68 |
21.45 |
22.13 |
24.36 |
2.06 |
24.87 |
21.36 |
24.97 |
|
13. |
Silt(%) |
18.29 |
16.42 |
16.78 |
18.69 |
24.65 |
18.26 |
19.23 |
18.62 |
18.69 |
21.36 |
18.74 |
21.46 |
|
14. |
Clay(%) |
17.12 |
18.01 |
19.14 |
18.04 |
13.09 |
19.04 |
14.52 |
11.90 |
11.63 |
7.54 |
7.83 |
7.13 |
|
15. |
Cation exchange Capacity(Mole Protein+/Kg) |
14.1 |
18.3 |
14.2 |
19.3 |
19.5 |
21.5 |
27.6 |
26.5 |
25.6 |
26.3 |
21.2 |
26.6 |
|
16. |
Calcium |
10.3 |
13.2 |
7.0 |
9.5 |
10.6 |
10.6 |
15.6 |
11.5 |
10.6 |
13.2 |
10.3 |
13.9 |
|
17. |
Magnesium |
6.2 |
8.2 |
6.9 |
7.4 |
9.2 |
9.3 |
13.2 |
12.3 |
11.2 |
10.3 |
8.4 |
12.6 |
|
18. |
Sodium |
0.37 |
1.33 |
0.67 |
1.63 |
1.75 |
1.67 |
2.98 |
2.49 |
2.56 |
2.57 |
2.19 |
2.69 |
|
19. |
Potassium |
0.13 |
0.23 |
0.14 |
0.36 |
0.26 |
0.32 |
0.26 |
0.23 |
0.24 |
0.24 |
0.16 |
0.34 |
Statistical
Report: Statistically not significant
at 0.05% level.
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Received on 02.09.2011 Accepted
on 21.09.2011
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